tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41940243679990587912023-06-20T21:25:39.381-07:00Writing and argumentative essayEssay Topics Animal CommunicationJesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.comBlogger37125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-10976340267738250782020-08-26T18:48:00.001-07:002020-08-26T18:48:04.659-07:00Obamas 2008 Cooper Union Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsObamas 2008 Cooper Union Speech - Essay Example Obama, in 2008, had an arrangement to restore America by driving punishments on poor and ravenous corporate pioneers, giving customers lodging related expense credits, and make new guidelines that ensure budgetary foundations don't take on significant levels of hazard, in any case, this recharging system has not been completely powerful. à Obama saw that more tight guideline would keep budgetary foundations from accepting open doors from customary, working class residents. He felt that a deregulated domain had been motivation to why venture organizations and business banks assumed considerably a lot of obligation and there was no framework set up to ensure they had enough capital stores. This is on the grounds that dangerous resource sponsored protections and subsidiaries were wobbly sheet exchanges. He needed a crackdown on advertise control that was making numerous organizations experience quick drops in their stock qualities when short-dealers were utilizing deceptive strategies to drive down stock costs for their own benefit. à Obama likewise observed that building a sort of best practice hazard the board framework for banks and for the general economy would recharge America. He sees that this adjustment in chance administration and a difference in corporate authority perspectives would reshape the economy for the 21st Century and give white collar class shoppers more assurance against another money related emergency. Numerous ordinary residents lost their positions and lost their riches because of unregulated venture establishments and Obama considered reestablishment to be a methods for putting these partners first. à He appears to see that the division between the well off and the less-advantaged is removing the American dream. Hence, by ensuring that companies and speculation firms are considered responsible for their activities, it will ensure that working class purchasers can again look for the American dream without being defrauded by an economy harmed by eagerness and poor government oversight. Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-43650348582251190922020-08-22T09:10:00.001-07:002020-08-22T09:10:11.852-07:00Reflection on the book 'The White Castle' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsReflection on the book 'The White Castle' - Essay Example Like in the story Hoja, a Muslim, made the western slave educate him concerning their ways of life and he favored these western styles over theirs. Pamuk depicts religion with extraordinary consideration in the book and shows how the two distinct contemplations of West and East can consolidate. The Ottoman culture follows the old conventions as indicated by their religion and along these lines don't avoid potential risk when a plague hits Istanbul, anyway the Italian slave encourages the Sultan to utilize such measures for the finish of plague and the Sultan does inevitably follow the Western method of expelling the plague which ends up being effective. Pamuk in his story White Castle tells about the real factors of life in the seventeenth century. It portrays various occasions occurring in the Ottoman Empire. Pitilessness is predominant all through the plot of the story and can be obviously seen in the characters. The Italian Scholar is by all accounts laid into a snare by the Eastern world yet is spared by his own insight. So also Pamuk is depicting the Eastern world with extraordinary vulnerability and cold-bloodedness. The privateers who catch the Italian researcher are merciless in nature and are as far as anyone knows going to execute the researcher. Anyway the scholarââ¬â¢s insight encourages him to mislead the privateers into feeling that he is a specialist and this spares his life. Be that as it may, then again the privateers don't free the researcher; they rather blessing him as a captive to Hoja. The character of Hoja can likewise be seen to be savage as he retains all the data from the Italian researcher about his way of life and still, at the end of the day doesn't allow him to free. The brutal idea of Hoja can once more be found in his point of structuring a fatal weapon which would assist his domain with conquering different states. What's more, moreover, when the weapon doesn't fill in true to form by him he takes the personality of the Italian researcher and flees leaving him in the Ottoman Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-16441097644404141892020-08-21T06:19:00.003-07:002020-08-21T06:19:29.457-07:00What Book Riot Contributors are Reading Today!What Book Riot Contributors are Reading Today! In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is whatâs on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? Iâve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what theyâve written for the site). Gird your loins â" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. Weâve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what youâre reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Jamie Canaves Death in D Minor (Gethsemane Brown Mysteries #2) by Alexia Gordon: Music, art, mystery, and ghosts is apparently everything I didnât realize I needed to read right now. (egalley) The Monsters of Templeton by Lauren Groff: I loved Fates Furies and while trying to find out if Groffâs first novel was a mystery or not I discovered that a lot of Rioters loved it so automatic must-read-now for me! (ebook) The Hole by Hye-Young Pyun, Sora Kim-Russell (translation): Korean psychological horror thriller is something I canât say no to. Nor do I want to. (egalley) Heartsick by Chelsea Cain: I am forever pissed off that her Mockingbird comic was canceled so I figured it was time to finally start reading her mystery bookswhich have been recommended to me a bazillion times. I inhaled half this book before bed (Bedtime? What bedtime?) and see why it got recommended so much. (paperback) Casey Stepaniuk Foxglove Summer by Ben Aaronovitch: Ive been trying to stretch out this series cause I dont want it to be over but I just HAD to find out what happened in the wake of the last book, so I downloaded it immediately after finishing the previous one. (Audiobook) Claire Handscombe The Vanderbeekers of 141st Street by Karina Yan Glaser: The author is one of our own contributors and I was curious to see what she had written especially with all the buzz itâs been getting. Itâs great so far, fun and really well written with strong characters definitely going on the list for any presents I need to buy middle graders. (ARC) The Party by Elizabeth Day: This book has been on lots of âmust-readâ lists in the UK and it sounded right my street the British establishment meets deep dark secrets at a fortieth birthday party. Itâs coming to the US next month, and I begged the Little, Brown publicist for a copy and started reading straight away. Itâs so good. (ARC) Who Thought This Was a Good Idea by Alyssa Mastromonaco: I have been dying to read this White House memoir by a young, female Josh Lyman for a months but was holding firm because the ebook price was astronomical. But then it was on special offer for a day, so I went for it. Yay. (ebook) Rebecca Hussey My Heart Hemmed In by Marie NDiaye, translated by Jordan Stump: Iâve read two other NDiaye novels and have found them beautiful, rich, and strange. This one was originally published in French in 2007, and Iâm excited that Two Lines Press is publishing a translation this summer. (paperback) Dear Committee Members by Julie Schumacher: I can never resist a good academic novel, and this one is epistolary, told solely through letters of recommendation. Itâs an awesome concept. (hardcover) Mya Nunnally The Obelisk Gate by N.K. Jemisin: I had read The Fifth Season a while back, and just recently reread it in order to read this (its sequel) and The Stone Sky, the final book in Jemisinâs fantasy series. (paperback) The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet by Becky Chambers: This has been on my to-be-read list for a while despite its (in my opinion) terrible cover. I love supporting self-published authors. (ebook) 11/22/63 by Stephen King: After thoroughly enjoying the Hulu adaptation, I thought I would read the novel (paperback) Liberty Hardy This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America by Morgan Jerkins (Jan. 30, 2018, Harper Perennial): Jerkins is one of my favorite people to follow on Twitter, and I have been eagerly awaiting this collection! (e-galley) Artemis by Andy Weir (Nov. 14, Crown): *MUPPET ARMS* The author of The Martian has a new book, and so far, itâs great! (e-galley) A State of Freedom by Neel Mukherjee (Jan. 2, W.W. Norton Company): I donât know anything about this book except someone told me it was great, so away we go! (e-galley) Vacationland: True Stories from Painful Beaches by John Hodgman (Oct. 24, Viking): Vacationland is the slogan on our license plates here in Maine, so I think I am legally required to read this. (e-galley) Alison Doherty Magic for Beginners by Kelly Link: Years ago I saw this book at Skylight Books in Los Angeles under staff recommendations. It was described as a mix between Harry Potter and Alice Munro. So far these stories are living up to that recommendation! (paperback) Girls and Sex: Navigating the New Landscape by Peggy Orenstein: Put this on hold at the library after listening to an old NPR podcast with the author. Itâs interesting how, at age twenty-nine, half the time I identify with the perspective of the teen girls and half the time I identify with the adult author. (hardcover) Karina Glaser Girls Who Code by Reshma Saujani (8/22, Penguin Random House): Reshma Saujani is my hero, and Iâm so excited about this book! (ARC) Secret Coders: Robots and Repeats by Gene Luen Yang and Mike Holmes (10/3, First Second): Guess Iâm on a tech/coding kick! Love this series and canât wait for this newest one to be released. (Paperback) Christina Vortia Speak of Me As I Am by Sonia Belasco: Iâve been really excited to read this book, so when I saw it available on my library Hoopla account, I jumped on it! (Audiobook) Rebecca Renner From Here to Eternity: Traveling the World to Find the Good Death by Caitlin Doughty (10/3 W. W. Norton): This book had me at the Dia de los Muertos skull on the cover, but its kept me with the amazing research Doughty uses to describe the death rituals of various world cultures. Believe it or not, this book is funny, too! (egalley) Sarah Nicolas The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas: Iâm so glad I finally got to this book! The book is heartbreaking and I was so pleased to discover the audiobook is narrated by Bahni Turpin, who is incredibly talented. (audiobook) Itâs Not Like Itâs a Secret by Misa Sugiura: Iâd heard mixed reviews on this one, but itâs a YA f/f romance and Iâm here for all the sweet, sweet lady kisses! (audiobook) Given to the Sea by Mindy McGinnis: The publisher offered me a review copy of this one and Iâm a sucker for women in fantasy settings escaping their inescapable fates. (audiobook review copy) The Reader by Traci Chee: I feel like I slept on this one last year and am so happy it crossed my path again. And it has another favorite narrator, Kim Mai Guest! (audiobook) Beth OâBrien Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud: The Rise and Reign of the Unruly Woman by Anne Helen Peterson: I binge-listened to most of this while I was sick this week, too tired to use my eyeballs. Iâve been really enjoying the smart commentary on women in pop culture and doing some low key fist pumping. (audio) The Mother of All Questions by Rebecca Solnit: I guess Iâm feeling particularly feminist this month. Iâm not very far into this collection of essays, but Iâm really enjoying it. Iâve already jotted down some great quotes! (paperback) The Fact of a Body: A Murder and a Memoir by Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich: Iâve been hearing great things about this one and have been eagerly waiting for my hold to come in at the library. Itâs finally here and so far itâs right up my alley. (hardcover) Jessica Yang Noteworthy by Riley Redgate: I had fun reading Seven Ways We Lie and also, despite being not at all musical, I love a cappella so I had to check this out! (hardcover) Deepali Agarwal A State of Freedom by Neel Mukherjee: Is reading this before his other, Booker Prize-nominated work a good idea? Weâll soon find out, because I found the cover blurb for this book fascinating, and could not resist. Dealing with displacement and migration, Mukherjeeâs latest book promises something adjacent to Mohsin Hamid, and I will do anything to fill the giant, Exit West-shaped hole in my heart. (hardcover) Inferior by Angela Saini: I know that we live in an oppressively patriarchal world, with targeted misinformation about women seeking to keep them in their place all the time, but reading the facts and details behind the narrative that has always been spun for us hits hard. Iâm reading this because I need to. (paperback) Lone Fox Dancing by Ruskin Bond: To balance out the heartache from some difficult reads, I am also reading Ruskin Bondâs autobiography, which is a beautiful mix of his experiences. Bondâs writing has a charm which makes everythingfrom love to heartbreakcharming and soothing. (hardcover) Aram Mrjoian Home Fire by Kamila Shamsie: I just got started on this novel, which I am reading to review. (ARC) Spatializing Blackness: Architectures of Confinement and Black Masculinity in Chicago by Rashad Shabazz: I am currently reading this book for a class and itâs brilliant. I highly recommend it both for people living in Chicago and across the U.S. (paperback) Sharanya Sharma Want by Cindy Pon: A futuristic YA about the Haves vs. the Have-nots where even clean air is a luxury you have to afford, and one boy whos willing do anything to change that. Air suits, flying cars, virtual world-hopping, kidnapping, spy games, protests, and romance â" how could I pass that up?! Christine Ro The Intuitionist by Colson Whitehead: This book is delightfully bonkers. Itâs a moody satire of race relations told through the medium ofelevator obsession. Exactly. (Paperback) Monica Friedman The Ethical Slut: a Guide to Infinite Sexual Possibilities by Dossie Easton and Catherine Liszt. If Iâm going to be a slut, I want to go about it in an ethical fashion. (Paperback) The Guardian Angel of Farflung Station by Edward Hoornaert. Every month for the last year or so, Iâve met up with Ed and other members of the Science Fiction Writers America (Tucson chapter) to write quietly together for two hours. Ed gave me this book. (Paperback) Shiri Sondheimer Throne of the Crescent Moon by Saladin Ahmed: His Black Bolt run is incredible and I canât wait for the next issue to gobble more of his words. (e-book) An Oath of Dogs by Wendy N. Wagner: Attended a live world-building panel at Emerald City Comic Con in which Wendy participated. She is hilarious and a darn-fine storyteller. (e-book) Ilana Masad Where the Past Begins by Amy Tan: Iâm reading this memoir for a review and itâs mesmerizing to see how this authorâs brain works (ARC) Meanwhile, Elsewhere edited by Cat Fitzpatrick and Casey Plett: This is an incredible anthology Iâm also reading for a review, and itâs all speculative fiction by trans writers. Iâm in love! (ARC) Katie McLain The Pale Blue Eye by Louis Bayard: Iâve had this one on my list for a while dark historical mystery featuring a young Edgar Allan Poe but honestly, the reason why Iâm reading it now was because all the mystery/suspense audiobooks I REALLY wanted to listen to were all downloaded already from my library. (digital audiobook) Black Dahlia, Red Rose: The Crime, Corruption, and Cover-Up of Americaâs Greatest Unsolved Murder by Piu Eatwell (Liveright, October 10, 2017): Iâve been on a historical true crime kick lately, and surprisingly, I havenât read much about the Black Dahlia. (ARC) Kathleen Keenan The Vegetarian by Han Kang: This book has received rave reviews literally everywhere, and a copy finally came in at my library. (paperback) Kate Krug Warcross by Marie Lu: Because every single one of the book bloggers I follow have given this RAVE reviews and I had to get in on the action. And Iâm all for a bad ass Asian hacker heroine. (ARC) Wicked Like a Wildfire by Lana Popovic: First, the cover is gorge. Second, a dark, magical fantasy. Third, Eastern European characterswhich I do not read a lot about. (ARC) Steph Auteri The Fact of a Body by Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich: I was intrigued by the premise of this book, a memoir by a woman who thought herself staunchly against the death penalty, but whose beliefs are shaken when a particular murder case reveals parallels with her own past. (Ebook) The Willpower Instinct by Kelly McGonigal: Iâm actually reading this one at the suggestion of a pair of ghostwriting clients, as the contents informed their own writing. But heck, I could certainly use more willpower, so this is turning into a self-helpy read, too. (Hardcover) Push by Sapphire: Because Iâve only ever seen the movie. (Paperback) Jessica Plummer Heâs Got Rhythm: The Life and Career of Gene Kelly by Cynthia Brideson and Sara Brideson: I love Kelly, but Iâm struggling a bit with the authorsâ rose-tinted perspective on him and some oddly dated and homophobic framing. (ARC) A Confusion of Princes by Garth Nix: This has been sitting on my TBR pile for literal years and I finally dusted it off and cracked into it. Itâs slow going so far, but Iâve loved Nixâs work in the past so Iâm hoping itâll pick up. (Hardcover) Derek Attig Donât Call Us Dead: Poems by Danez Smith: Smith is known for writing poetry that grapples with police violence and white supremacy, and this incredible collection continues that aesthetically and politically crucial work. You should pre-order a copy right now. (ARC) Artemis by Andy Weir: I enjoyed The Martian, so I jumped at this. (ARC) Kate Scott We Love You, Charlie Freeman by Kaitlyn Greenidge: This has been on my TBR list since last year. I love stories that have to do with science and animal cognition and this one checks those boxes. (Library Hardcover) The Complete Enneagram by Beatrice Chestnut: I love learning about the Enneagram and this book focuses on the instinctual subtypes, which is not an aspect of the Enneagram that I am very familiar with. (Library Paperback) In a Sunburned Country by Bill Bryson: I listened to two Bill Bryson audiobooks last year and loved both, so Iâm giving this one a try. (Audiobook) The Wicked Boy by Kate Summerscale: This is on my TBR list from last year. Iâm in the mood for true crime and this sounds like a particularly interesting case. (Library Hardcover) Tasha Brandstatter When Dimple Met Rishi by Sandhya Menon: Noticed this was available on Hoopla and thought, why not? Moon Over the Mediterranean by Sheri Cobb South: I love Southâs John Pickett mysteries series, and this book was described as an homage to Mary Stewart, one of my favorite writers. Dana Staves Thanks, Obama: My Hopey, Changey White House Years by David Litt: Fresh out of college, David Litt landed a job as one of the speechwriters for the Obama White House, and this book is his story of his time working for the administration. Part humorous political memoir, part wistful look back at a gentler time, all tinged with Littâs self-deprecating humor and the hindsight that comes from post-Obama life. (ARC, Ecco, September 19, 2017) Adiba Jaigirdar A Wrinkle In Time by Madeleine LâEngle: I saw the trailer for the new movie. Loved it. Realised that I had somehow never read the book. I had to rectify that immediately. (ebook) Margaret Kingsbury The Refrigerator Monologues by Catherynne M. Valente: Because sheâs my favorite author and is AMAZING! (Hardcover) When the English Fall by David Williams. I enjoy a good apocalypse novel, and this one seems unique as it centers on the perspective of an Amish farmer. (Egalley) Rabeea Saleem Madness Is Better Than Defeat by Ned Beauman: I love eccentric plotlines so this madcap romp through a lost Mayan temple in the jungles of Honduras seems to be right up my alley. It also features a rogue CIA agent! (Paperback). Priya Sridhar Miami Beach by Howard Kleinberg: Iâm reading this as research for a novella. Before Miami Beach was a party city, it was marshy area ripe for opportunity. Black and white photographs capture the century it took to make such a place. (Hardcover) Megan Cavitt The Cuckooâs Calling by Robert Galbraith: This book has been out for so long that I found a copy for a dollar at a library sale. Letâs call that fate. (Paperback) Black Jack, vol. 1 by Osamu Tezuka: Oh, Tezuka, godfather of Japanese comics! When heâs good, heâs real good. When heâs bad, heâs real bad. Iâm not yet certain where this pseudo-medical drama about a Holmes-esque doctor falls on the spectrum. (Library Hardcover) Emma Allmann The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson by Emily Dickinson: I just really love Emily Dickinson and havenât had a chance to spend a lot time with her poems in the last few years so Iâm officially revisiting her. I do love that I can look at the notes Iâve made in my copy and see what Iâm noticing now versus when I last read it! (Paperback) Angel Cruz American Panda by Gloria Chao: When I first heard about this book, I may have screamed a little bit from sheer delight. Mei is so relatable and very much like me when I was younger, and Iâm so excited to see how her story unfolds. (e-galley) A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine LâEngle: This is one of those books I tried to read as a kid, but just could not get into for some reason. Trying it now as an adult, Iâve gotten halfway through after a few nights of reading some pages at bedtime, and Iâm definitely enjoying it more. (Paperback) Right of First Refusal by Dahlia Adler: I really liked the first Adler book I readJust Visitingand have been meaning to circle back to her past work for ages. Iâm only a few chapters in, but am already very intrigued by Mase and Caitâs shared history. (e-book) The Perilous Life of Jade Yeo by Zen Cho: I was so pleased when I saw this mentioned in a previous Book Riot Deals post, as I loved Choâs Sorcerer to the Crown. Iâve just started reading, but I love Choâs writing style and am excited to see where the story takes me. (e-book) Cecilia Lyra Pedal by Chelsea Rooney: As a member of the International Festival of Authors book club, I am lucky enough to meet not only with fellow bookworms, but also with a rotating list of great authors who pick the books and lead the discussion. This month, the inimitable Zoe Whittall chose Pedal. The novel tells the story of Julia Hoop, a 25-five-year-old psychology graduate student who is exploring the subject of pedophilia from an unorthodox angle: Julia interviews women who dont feel traumatized by the sexual molestation they experienced as children. To say that this is an emotionally challenging read would be the understatement of the decade and do keep in mind that, being on Twitter, I cannot escape some very disturbing reads (cough-Trump-cough). So far, my favorite thing about this novel is reading about the great Canadian landscape as Julia rides her bicycle on a cross-country journey, from Vancouver to Toronto. (e-book) The Unseen World by Liz Moore: This was also a book club selection. It tells the story of Ada, who, as a child, learns that her brilliant, enigmatic computer-scientist father is suffering from early onset Alzheimers disease. This is not a light read by any means, but compared to Pedal it is like eating a jellybean dipped in frosting. A warm thanks to The Girly Book Club for picking it as our July book. (e-book) Tracy Shapley The Nix by Nathan Hill. Thanks to the folks at Just the Right Book!, (the exclamation point is theirs, not mine) Iâm finally getting around to reading the book everyone was reading last year. Iâm only about 40 pages in but am already in love. This is very good timing because the last few books Iâve read have been real snoozers. (Paperback) Jaime Herndon After Kathy Acker by Chris Kraus. Ackerâs writing was gutsy and daring, and Kraus is a trailblazer in her own right (hello, I Love Dick). This perfect pairing for a biography is really good so far, and provides what feels like an insiderâs glimpse of Ackerâs life. (ARC) Motherest by Kristen Iskandrian. A novel about parenthood, becoming a parent, and everything that goes along with that. I just started it, but really liking it so far. (ARC) The Worrierâs Guide to the End of the World by Torre DeRoche. Sort of like the anti-Eat Pray Love, itâs a travel memoir taking place in Italy and India. When Torre meets a fellow traveler, Masha, they decide to travel together for a bit and this is their story. (ARC) Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-58878015472573531442020-08-21T06:19:00.001-07:002020-08-21T06:19:28.926-07:00What Book Riot Contributors are Reading Today!What Book Riot Contributors are Reading Today! In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is whatâs on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? Iâve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what theyâve written for the site). Gird your loins â" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. Weâve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what youâre reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Jamie Canaves Death in D Minor (Gethsemane Brown Mysteries #2) by Alexia Gordon: Music, art, mystery, and ghosts is apparently everything I didnât realize I needed to read right now. (egalley) The Monsters of Templeton by Lauren Groff: I loved Fates Furies and while trying to find out if Groffâs first novel was a mystery or not I discovered that a lot of Rioters loved it so automatic must-read-now for me! (ebook) The Hole by Hye-Young Pyun, Sora Kim-Russell (translation): Korean psychological horror thriller is something I canât say no to. Nor do I want to. (egalley) Heartsick by Chelsea Cain: I am forever pissed off that her Mockingbird comic was canceled so I figured it was time to finally start reading her mystery bookswhich have been recommended to me a bazillion times. I inhaled half this book before bed (Bedtime? What bedtime?) and see why it got recommended so much. (paperback) Casey Stepaniuk Foxglove Summer by Ben Aaronovitch: Ive been trying to stretch out this series cause I dont want it to be over but I just HAD to find out what happened in the wake of the last book, so I downloaded it immediately after finishing the previous one. (Audiobook) Claire Handscombe The Vanderbeekers of 141st Street by Karina Yan Glaser: The author is one of our own contributors and I was curious to see what she had written especially with all the buzz itâs been getting. Itâs great so far, fun and really well written with strong characters definitely going on the list for any presents I need to buy middle graders. (ARC) The Party by Elizabeth Day: This book has been on lots of âmust-readâ lists in the UK and it sounded right my street the British establishment meets deep dark secrets at a fortieth birthday party. Itâs coming to the US next month, and I begged the Little, Brown publicist for a copy and started reading straight away. Itâs so good. (ARC) Who Thought This Was a Good Idea by Alyssa Mastromonaco: I have been dying to read this White House memoir by a young, female Josh Lyman for a months but was holding firm because the ebook price was astronomical. But then it was on special offer for a day, so I went for it. Yay. (ebook) Rebecca Hussey My Heart Hemmed In by Marie NDiaye, translated by Jordan Stump: Iâve read two other NDiaye novels and have found them beautiful, rich, and strange. This one was originally published in French in 2007, and Iâm excited that Two Lines Press is publishing a translation this summer. (paperback) Dear Committee Members by Julie Schumacher: I can never resist a good academic novel, and this one is epistolary, told solely through letters of recommendation. Itâs an awesome concept. (hardcover) Mya Nunnally The Obelisk Gate by N.K. Jemisin: I had read The Fifth Season a while back, and just recently reread it in order to read this (its sequel) and The Stone Sky, the final book in Jemisinâs fantasy series. (paperback) The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet by Becky Chambers: This has been on my to-be-read list for a while despite its (in my opinion) terrible cover. I love supporting self-published authors. (ebook) 11/22/63 by Stephen King: After thoroughly enjoying the Hulu adaptation, I thought I would read the novel (paperback) Liberty Hardy This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America by Morgan Jerkins (Jan. 30, 2018, Harper Perennial): Jerkins is one of my favorite people to follow on Twitter, and I have been eagerly awaiting this collection! (e-galley) Artemis by Andy Weir (Nov. 14, Crown): *MUPPET ARMS* The author of The Martian has a new book, and so far, itâs great! (e-galley) A State of Freedom by Neel Mukherjee (Jan. 2, W.W. Norton Company): I donât know anything about this book except someone told me it was great, so away we go! (e-galley) Vacationland: True Stories from Painful Beaches by John Hodgman (Oct. 24, Viking): Vacationland is the slogan on our license plates here in Maine, so I think I am legally required to read this. (e-galley) Alison Doherty Magic for Beginners by Kelly Link: Years ago I saw this book at Skylight Books in Los Angeles under staff recommendations. It was described as a mix between Harry Potter and Alice Munro. So far these stories are living up to that recommendation! (paperback) Girls and Sex: Navigating the New Landscape by Peggy Orenstein: Put this on hold at the library after listening to an old NPR podcast with the author. Itâs interesting how, at age twenty-nine, half the time I identify with the perspective of the teen girls and half the time I identify with the adult author. (hardcover) Karina Glaser Girls Who Code by Reshma Saujani (8/22, Penguin Random House): Reshma Saujani is my hero, and Iâm so excited about this book! (ARC) Secret Coders: Robots and Repeats by Gene Luen Yang and Mike Holmes (10/3, First Second): Guess Iâm on a tech/coding kick! Love this series and canât wait for this newest one to be released. (Paperback) Christina Vortia Speak of Me As I Am by Sonia Belasco: Iâve been really excited to read this book, so when I saw it available on my library Hoopla account, I jumped on it! (Audiobook) Rebecca Renner From Here to Eternity: Traveling the World to Find the Good Death by Caitlin Doughty (10/3 W. W. Norton): This book had me at the Dia de los Muertos skull on the cover, but its kept me with the amazing research Doughty uses to describe the death rituals of various world cultures. Believe it or not, this book is funny, too! (egalley) Sarah Nicolas The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas: Iâm so glad I finally got to this book! The book is heartbreaking and I was so pleased to discover the audiobook is narrated by Bahni Turpin, who is incredibly talented. (audiobook) Itâs Not Like Itâs a Secret by Misa Sugiura: Iâd heard mixed reviews on this one, but itâs a YA f/f romance and Iâm here for all the sweet, sweet lady kisses! (audiobook) Given to the Sea by Mindy McGinnis: The publisher offered me a review copy of this one and Iâm a sucker for women in fantasy settings escaping their inescapable fates. (audiobook review copy) The Reader by Traci Chee: I feel like I slept on this one last year and am so happy it crossed my path again. And it has another favorite narrator, Kim Mai Guest! (audiobook) Beth OâBrien Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud: The Rise and Reign of the Unruly Woman by Anne Helen Peterson: I binge-listened to most of this while I was sick this week, too tired to use my eyeballs. Iâve been really enjoying the smart commentary on women in pop culture and doing some low key fist pumping. (audio) The Mother of All Questions by Rebecca Solnit: I guess Iâm feeling particularly feminist this month. Iâm not very far into this collection of essays, but Iâm really enjoying it. Iâve already jotted down some great quotes! (paperback) The Fact of a Body: A Murder and a Memoir by Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich: Iâve been hearing great things about this one and have been eagerly waiting for my hold to come in at the library. Itâs finally here and so far itâs right up my alley. (hardcover) Jessica Yang Noteworthy by Riley Redgate: I had fun reading Seven Ways We Lie and also, despite being not at all musical, I love a cappella so I had to check this out! (hardcover) Deepali Agarwal A State of Freedom by Neel Mukherjee: Is reading this before his other, Booker Prize-nominated work a good idea? Weâll soon find out, because I found the cover blurb for this book fascinating, and could not resist. Dealing with displacement and migration, Mukherjeeâs latest book promises something adjacent to Mohsin Hamid, and I will do anything to fill the giant, Exit West-shaped hole in my heart. (hardcover) Inferior by Angela Saini: I know that we live in an oppressively patriarchal world, with targeted misinformation about women seeking to keep them in their place all the time, but reading the facts and details behind the narrative that has always been spun for us hits hard. Iâm reading this because I need to. (paperback) Lone Fox Dancing by Ruskin Bond: To balance out the heartache from some difficult reads, I am also reading Ruskin Bondâs autobiography, which is a beautiful mix of his experiences. Bondâs writing has a charm which makes everythingfrom love to heartbreakcharming and soothing. (hardcover) Aram Mrjoian Home Fire by Kamila Shamsie: I just got started on this novel, which I am reading to review. (ARC) Spatializing Blackness: Architectures of Confinement and Black Masculinity in Chicago by Rashad Shabazz: I am currently reading this book for a class and itâs brilliant. I highly recommend it both for people living in Chicago and across the U.S. (paperback) Sharanya Sharma Want by Cindy Pon: A futuristic YA about the Haves vs. the Have-nots where even clean air is a luxury you have to afford, and one boy whos willing do anything to change that. Air suits, flying cars, virtual world-hopping, kidnapping, spy games, protests, and romance â" how could I pass that up?! Christine Ro The Intuitionist by Colson Whitehead: This book is delightfully bonkers. Itâs a moody satire of race relations told through the medium ofelevator obsession. Exactly. (Paperback) Monica Friedman The Ethical Slut: a Guide to Infinite Sexual Possibilities by Dossie Easton and Catherine Liszt. If Iâm going to be a slut, I want to go about it in an ethical fashion. (Paperback) The Guardian Angel of Farflung Station by Edward Hoornaert. Every month for the last year or so, Iâve met up with Ed and other members of the Science Fiction Writers America (Tucson chapter) to write quietly together for two hours. Ed gave me this book. (Paperback) Shiri Sondheimer Throne of the Crescent Moon by Saladin Ahmed: His Black Bolt run is incredible and I canât wait for the next issue to gobble more of his words. (e-book) An Oath of Dogs by Wendy N. Wagner: Attended a live world-building panel at Emerald City Comic Con in which Wendy participated. She is hilarious and a darn-fine storyteller. (e-book) Ilana Masad Where the Past Begins by Amy Tan: Iâm reading this memoir for a review and itâs mesmerizing to see how this authorâs brain works (ARC) Meanwhile, Elsewhere edited by Cat Fitzpatrick and Casey Plett: This is an incredible anthology Iâm also reading for a review, and itâs all speculative fiction by trans writers. Iâm in love! (ARC) Katie McLain The Pale Blue Eye by Louis Bayard: Iâve had this one on my list for a while dark historical mystery featuring a young Edgar Allan Poe but honestly, the reason why Iâm reading it now was because all the mystery/suspense audiobooks I REALLY wanted to listen to were all downloaded already from my library. (digital audiobook) Black Dahlia, Red Rose: The Crime, Corruption, and Cover-Up of Americaâs Greatest Unsolved Murder by Piu Eatwell (Liveright, October 10, 2017): Iâve been on a historical true crime kick lately, and surprisingly, I havenât read much about the Black Dahlia. (ARC) Kathleen Keenan The Vegetarian by Han Kang: This book has received rave reviews literally everywhere, and a copy finally came in at my library. (paperback) Kate Krug Warcross by Marie Lu: Because every single one of the book bloggers I follow have given this RAVE reviews and I had to get in on the action. And Iâm all for a bad ass Asian hacker heroine. (ARC) Wicked Like a Wildfire by Lana Popovic: First, the cover is gorge. Second, a dark, magical fantasy. Third, Eastern European characterswhich I do not read a lot about. (ARC) Steph Auteri The Fact of a Body by Alexandria Marzano-Lesnevich: I was intrigued by the premise of this book, a memoir by a woman who thought herself staunchly against the death penalty, but whose beliefs are shaken when a particular murder case reveals parallels with her own past. (Ebook) The Willpower Instinct by Kelly McGonigal: Iâm actually reading this one at the suggestion of a pair of ghostwriting clients, as the contents informed their own writing. But heck, I could certainly use more willpower, so this is turning into a self-helpy read, too. (Hardcover) Push by Sapphire: Because Iâve only ever seen the movie. (Paperback) Jessica Plummer Heâs Got Rhythm: The Life and Career of Gene Kelly by Cynthia Brideson and Sara Brideson: I love Kelly, but Iâm struggling a bit with the authorsâ rose-tinted perspective on him and some oddly dated and homophobic framing. (ARC) A Confusion of Princes by Garth Nix: This has been sitting on my TBR pile for literal years and I finally dusted it off and cracked into it. Itâs slow going so far, but Iâve loved Nixâs work in the past so Iâm hoping itâll pick up. (Hardcover) Derek Attig Donât Call Us Dead: Poems by Danez Smith: Smith is known for writing poetry that grapples with police violence and white supremacy, and this incredible collection continues that aesthetically and politically crucial work. You should pre-order a copy right now. (ARC) Artemis by Andy Weir: I enjoyed The Martian, so I jumped at this. (ARC) Kate Scott We Love You, Charlie Freeman by Kaitlyn Greenidge: This has been on my TBR list since last year. I love stories that have to do with science and animal cognition and this one checks those boxes. (Library Hardcover) The Complete Enneagram by Beatrice Chestnut: I love learning about the Enneagram and this book focuses on the instinctual subtypes, which is not an aspect of the Enneagram that I am very familiar with. (Library Paperback) In a Sunburned Country by Bill Bryson: I listened to two Bill Bryson audiobooks last year and loved both, so Iâm giving this one a try. (Audiobook) The Wicked Boy by Kate Summerscale: This is on my TBR list from last year. Iâm in the mood for true crime and this sounds like a particularly interesting case. (Library Hardcover) Tasha Brandstatter When Dimple Met Rishi by Sandhya Menon: Noticed this was available on Hoopla and thought, why not? Moon Over the Mediterranean by Sheri Cobb South: I love Southâs John Pickett mysteries series, and this book was described as an homage to Mary Stewart, one of my favorite writers. Dana Staves Thanks, Obama: My Hopey, Changey White House Years by David Litt: Fresh out of college, David Litt landed a job as one of the speechwriters for the Obama White House, and this book is his story of his time working for the administration. Part humorous political memoir, part wistful look back at a gentler time, all tinged with Littâs self-deprecating humor and the hindsight that comes from post-Obama life. (ARC, Ecco, September 19, 2017) Adiba Jaigirdar A Wrinkle In Time by Madeleine LâEngle: I saw the trailer for the new movie. Loved it. Realised that I had somehow never read the book. I had to rectify that immediately. (ebook) Margaret Kingsbury The Refrigerator Monologues by Catherynne M. Valente: Because sheâs my favorite author and is AMAZING! (Hardcover) When the English Fall by David Williams. I enjoy a good apocalypse novel, and this one seems unique as it centers on the perspective of an Amish farmer. (Egalley) Rabeea Saleem Madness Is Better Than Defeat by Ned Beauman: I love eccentric plotlines so this madcap romp through a lost Mayan temple in the jungles of Honduras seems to be right up my alley. It also features a rogue CIA agent! (Paperback). Priya Sridhar Miami Beach by Howard Kleinberg: Iâm reading this as research for a novella. Before Miami Beach was a party city, it was marshy area ripe for opportunity. Black and white photographs capture the century it took to make such a place. (Hardcover) Megan Cavitt The Cuckooâs Calling by Robert Galbraith: This book has been out for so long that I found a copy for a dollar at a library sale. Letâs call that fate. (Paperback) Black Jack, vol. 1 by Osamu Tezuka: Oh, Tezuka, godfather of Japanese comics! When heâs good, heâs real good. When heâs bad, heâs real bad. Iâm not yet certain where this pseudo-medical drama about a Holmes-esque doctor falls on the spectrum. (Library Hardcover) Emma Allmann The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson by Emily Dickinson: I just really love Emily Dickinson and havenât had a chance to spend a lot time with her poems in the last few years so Iâm officially revisiting her. I do love that I can look at the notes Iâve made in my copy and see what Iâm noticing now versus when I last read it! (Paperback) Angel Cruz American Panda by Gloria Chao: When I first heard about this book, I may have screamed a little bit from sheer delight. Mei is so relatable and very much like me when I was younger, and Iâm so excited to see how her story unfolds. (e-galley) A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine LâEngle: This is one of those books I tried to read as a kid, but just could not get into for some reason. Trying it now as an adult, Iâve gotten halfway through after a few nights of reading some pages at bedtime, and Iâm definitely enjoying it more. (Paperback) Right of First Refusal by Dahlia Adler: I really liked the first Adler book I readJust Visitingand have been meaning to circle back to her past work for ages. Iâm only a few chapters in, but am already very intrigued by Mase and Caitâs shared history. (e-book) The Perilous Life of Jade Yeo by Zen Cho: I was so pleased when I saw this mentioned in a previous Book Riot Deals post, as I loved Choâs Sorcerer to the Crown. Iâve just started reading, but I love Choâs writing style and am excited to see where the story takes me. (e-book) Cecilia Lyra Pedal by Chelsea Rooney: As a member of the International Festival of Authors book club, I am lucky enough to meet not only with fellow bookworms, but also with a rotating list of great authors who pick the books and lead the discussion. This month, the inimitable Zoe Whittall chose Pedal. The novel tells the story of Julia Hoop, a 25-five-year-old psychology graduate student who is exploring the subject of pedophilia from an unorthodox angle: Julia interviews women who dont feel traumatized by the sexual molestation they experienced as children. To say that this is an emotionally challenging read would be the understatement of the decade and do keep in mind that, being on Twitter, I cannot escape some very disturbing reads (cough-Trump-cough). So far, my favorite thing about this novel is reading about the great Canadian landscape as Julia rides her bicycle on a cross-country journey, from Vancouver to Toronto. (e-book) The Unseen World by Liz Moore: This was also a book club selection. It tells the story of Ada, who, as a child, learns that her brilliant, enigmatic computer-scientist father is suffering from early onset Alzheimers disease. This is not a light read by any means, but compared to Pedal it is like eating a jellybean dipped in frosting. A warm thanks to The Girly Book Club for picking it as our July book. (e-book) Tracy Shapley The Nix by Nathan Hill. Thanks to the folks at Just the Right Book!, (the exclamation point is theirs, not mine) Iâm finally getting around to reading the book everyone was reading last year. Iâm only about 40 pages in but am already in love. This is very good timing because the last few books Iâve read have been real snoozers. (Paperback) Jaime Herndon After Kathy Acker by Chris Kraus. Ackerâs writing was gutsy and daring, and Kraus is a trailblazer in her own right (hello, I Love Dick). This perfect pairing for a biography is really good so far, and provides what feels like an insiderâs glimpse of Ackerâs life. (ARC) Motherest by Kristen Iskandrian. A novel about parenthood, becoming a parent, and everything that goes along with that. I just started it, but really liking it so far. (ARC) The Worrierâs Guide to the End of the World by Torre DeRoche. Sort of like the anti-Eat Pray Love, itâs a travel memoir taking place in Italy and India. When Torre meets a fellow traveler, Masha, they decide to travel together for a bit and this is their story. (ARC) Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-70815919564091686542020-05-24T19:44:00.001-07:002020-05-24T19:44:03.828-07:00Healthsouth The Wagon At Disaster - 1383 Words HealthSouth: The Wagon to Disaster is an eye-opening and compelling insight into what went on behind the colossal travesty HealthSouth Corporation became. The account is written by Aaron The beam, a founding member of HealthSouth who witnessed the rise and fall of Wall Streetââ¬â¢s darling. The novel details the beginnings of both Richard Scrushy and Aaron Beam, the conception of HealthSouth, and the slow, slippery cliff of fraud that would lead to the downfall of a billion-dollar enterprise and tragedy for most involved. The story of HealthSouth begins with two of the most well know founders. Richard Scrushy was a bold, charismatic man of middle-class beginnings. He would rise from a mason to one of the highest earning CEOââ¬â¢s in the country due mainly to his ability to drive, charm, and manipulate those around him. Driven by the desire to attain wealth and status Scrushy was hired in at LifeMark where he rose through the ranks as a result of his unbridled competitive nature and workaholic tendencies. Though it was at the end of Richardââ¬â¢s career at LifeMark that the story of HealthSouth begins. When it was announced that the companyââ¬â¢s Houston office would be closing Richard brought Beam and a few others into his plan. Scrushy wanted to form a company based on a new type of rehabilitative medicine company that due to the changing medical field was highly profitable. This bold and ambitious idea the degree of brilliance Richard Scrushy had. Certainly most of his future ideasShow MoreRelatedSummary : Liberty University 1620 Words à |à 7 Pagescompanyââ¬â¢s financial statements? In an attempt to answer this question, a question came to mind about Aaron Beam. In his book ââ¬Å"HealthSouth: The Wagon to disasterâ⬠he asked this question: ââ¬Å"what if I had said no to Richard Scrushy? Beam talks about all the harm he caused just because he could not stand up to Scrushy and took part in the massive accounting fraud at HealthSouth. Having read his book and the lessons learned from it, I will have done things differently than what Catherine Sprauer did. First Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-49932482619251254822020-05-14T02:42:00.001-07:002020-05-14T02:42:11.540-07:00I Am Enamored By The Man Who Made All Of It Possible Introduction I am enamored by the man who made all of it possible. Waltââ¬â¢s Early Years On December 5, 1901, in Chicago, Illinois; Walter Elias was born. Walt was one of five children. He had three older brothers one of which he would later in life be business partners with. Roy and Walt Disney would eventually be Walt Disney Studios. In 1906 the Disney family moved to a 45 acre farm in Marceline Missouri. Walt learned about teamwork while working the farm. Disney farm is where he began to draw animals and nourish his imagination. At Benton Grammar School but showed great ability in art class .Benton Grammar school is where Disney met Walter Pfeiffer a boy who shared the same interests as he and who introduced him to vaudeville and motion pictures. Walt also developed an interest in trains while living in Kansas City. In 1917 Walt graduated the seventh grade at Benton school when father Elias mother Flora and Sister Ruth moved to Chicago. Walt at the age of 15 stayed with his brother Herb for the summer, getting a job selling newspapers and soda pop on the railways. When the summer was over he joined his family in Chicago where he attended McKinley High School. Walt took drawing and photography and was a cartoonist for the school paper. He also took courses at the Chicago Art Institute. A lot of his cartoons showed a growing interest in the great war that was being fought in Europe. The beginnings of a legend In 1919 Walt decided he wanted to be an artist against,Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1008 Words à |à 5 Pagesseeing as both of her parents are dead, the option of having another brother was not possible. When Creon found out that she tries to bury her brother, she states: ââ¬Å"I did not intend to pay the penalty to the gods for violating these laws in fear of some manââ¬â¢s opinion, for I know I will dieâ⬠(Sophocles line 470). Antigone believes that sheââ¬â¢s not breaking the law of the gods nor justice, just the law of an unjust man. So in her eyes, itââ¬â¢s leading her to the good life because she is still upholding moralRead MoreParable Of The Sower Essay1054 Words à |à 5 Pagesunflinching, dresses as a man and heads north with two different survivors from her neighborhood, Henry and Zahra, looking for a superior life. Amusingly, their moral guidelines are basically figured by the more youthful Lauren who composes verses for their new sort of Bible, The Book of the Living. These verses, to be sure Laurens whole Earthseed religion, move and lead the lost souls they find along their way. Verses, similar to the accompanying, are sprinkled all through the novel and revealRead MoreFemininity The Fickle Friend : Femininity Essay1586 Words à |à 7 Pagesfor some femininity means being dainty, angelic, or virginal. Perhaps for others femininity means rearing children while continuing to be graceful and frail all the while oozing with sexuality; while at the same time maintaining a certain amount of innocence. No matter which definition best suits the word ââ¬Å"femininityâ⬠, the woman of Cranford all showcase what femininity actually means to them and it is manifested in vastly different ways. This novel opens by stating that Cranford is populated by AmazonsRead MoreSummary Of The Book The Notebook 3367 Words à |à 14 PagesFacility. PLOT A man named Noah Calhoun retreated back to his hometown or New Bern, North Carolina at the age of 31 from World War 2, which he was fighting in. He purchased an old, very sizable estate for him to enhance. Subsequently, the newspaper decided to publish an article about his accomplishment. When Allie Nelson, a girl who was enamored with Noah Calhoun when they were juveniles, sees the article written about Noah, she knows she must go see him. Allie is engaged to a man named Lon, but informsRead MoreReview Of The Secret Scripture And Playboy Of The Western World 2053 Words à |à 9 PagesBaylee Vaughn EN 3870 LCA Irish Literature Dr. John Kerrigan 5 December 2016 Fascinating is one way of describing Irish Literature. All Irish literature seem to have similar characteristics. First, Irish literature always takes place in Ireland and is about Irish citizens or those with Irish heritage. If one does not know about the Irish, it is not always possible to understand the Irish by reading Irish literature because the authors? definition is what they believe to be Irish. Irish playwrightRead More Media Does NOT Control Society Essay examples3518 Words à |à 15 Pagesonly cash cows and all the articles are surrounding hair, makeup, nails, or some other superficial thing that relates to Cover Girl, Revlon, Clairol, or Olay. According to Ms. Steinem, what we pick up from the newsstand or have delivered in our mail every month is all fluff because of such advertisers. Oh, womens magazines... everyone knows theyre just catalogs (Steinam 275). In the movie, How to Lose a Guy in Ten Days a woman journalist, Andie Anderson, who worked for such an advertisersRead More Steppenwolf : The Disintegration of Harry Haller as it Relates to Music2379 Words à |à 10 Pagesbestiality to embrace humanity and reality. His Zerrissenheit, or disintegration (literally translated, the state of being torn apart [Benà ©t 1142]), culminates in the Magic Theater at the finish of the novel. Here, he finds himself a changed man, with a clearer understanding of human and social relations. Harry Hallers progress to this point can be traced through his changing perception of music and the role it plays in his life: as he becomes increasingly disenchanted withRead MoreMartin Luther King, Obama, and Douglass Essay1785 Words à |à 8 PagesGreat Leaders of the past, present, and the future Countless have said that all men were created equal, but what about the prodigious black men of all time. Were King, Douglass, and Obama all created equal, or were these men chosen to be predestined for greatness? What constitutes greatness in politics? Names that come readily to mind, like Martin Luther King, Jr., Frederick Douglass, and Barack Obama, are those who rose to inspire their countries in times of turmoil and change; so it seems thatRead MoreEssay about Nuclear Weapons Promote Religion2530 Words à |à 11 Pagesbarium from neutron irradiated uranium. On January 13, 1939 Otto Frisch observed fission directly in ionization tube and coined the term ââ¬Å"fissionâ⬠. On January 29, 1939 Robert Oppenheimer realizes excess neutrons must be emitted and a bomb could be possible if they could create a self-sustaining reaction. On February 5, 1939 Niels Bohr has an important insight into fission. He discovers that U-235 and U-238 have different fission properties. U-238 fiss ioned by the fast neutrons and not the slow neutronsRead MoreThe Story Of Joseph As A History Lesson1793 Words à |à 8 Pagesconcepts that can be recognized from just looking a little deeper into the scriptures, past the narrative of whatââ¬â¢s happening with Joseph. We get both a wonderful image of Godââ¬â¢s grace and of His beautiful design for how things work together for those who love Him. Further, we see God as constantly at work, more even in the grimy, messy times when it probably seems to Joseph that He is the furthest away. In many ways, the underlying theme through the story of Josephââ¬â¢s life directly addresses one of my Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-73981288560025966422020-05-06T14:38:00.001-07:002020-05-06T14:38:25.491-07:00Outsourcing IT Jobs Pros And Cons Essay - 952 Words Outsourcing IT Jobs: Pros and Cons In 1973, a monumental shift was prevailing where U.S. companies were sending low skilled jobs within the manufacturing industry to offshore countries to reduce labor cost while maximizing profits. The effect of the jobless manufacturing work force was a shift of those laborers to focus on and perfect the service industry of what it is today (Koch 1). During the high tech recessions of the late 1990s and a nominal expansion of the present time, the Information Technology industry, an industry which through continuous innovations enabled the companies and corporations of America to become more efficient and productive, is also facing the outsourcing similarity with manufacturing. While outsourcingâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This resulted in net losses or barely positive net income. As a result, the CIOââ¬â¢s budgets for their Information Technology spending were greatly slashed by 20 ââ¬â 50 percent. In an effort to achieve the optimal return on investment with their new budget, CIOââ¬â¢s began to send Information Technology jobs offshore to lower wage paying countries. My company also followed the industry trend and moved 50% of the application developer and system engineering jobs to Bangalore, India and 50% of call center jobs to Penang, Malaysia. While most companies moved jobs offshore by laying off U.S workers and re-hiring the staff abroad, my company chose softer methods like voluntary separation packages and attritions which achieved the same objective without demoralizing the U.S. employees. In economic terms, moving jobs offshore is a result of the external factors. By definition, externality exists in economics any time there is a separation of costs and benefits, and the decision maker does not have to incur the full cost but receives the full benefits of the decision (Terry 2). When looking at the overall picture of moving jobs offshore, the first thing that comes into many CIOââ¬â¢s mind is the externality factor, but ma ny companies saw beyond that and saw an opportunity to globalize their work force. There are lots of benefits from hiring lower wage laborers but there are also an equivalent amount of consequences associated with thisShow MoreRelatedOutsourcing And Its Effect On The American Economy1398 Words à |à 6 Pagesof outsourcing. Although outsourcing is financially beneficial to large businesses, it has detrimentally impacted the American economy through raises in the unemployment rate, lost countless tax dollars and compromised the integrity of products received. Outsourcing is a business tactic that consists of moving production of a product to either a sub-tier vendor or moving operations away from the companyââ¬â¢s home country in order to eliminate costs. Recently, the most common way of outsourcing isRead MoreOutsourcing : Outsourcing And Outsourcing1579 Words à |à 7 Pagesââ¬Å"Outsourcing refers to obtaining certain services or products from a third party company, essentially sourcing something like accounting services or manufacturing of a certain input to another company. While many think outsourcing refers to using a service provider in another (usually cheaper) country that is not necessarily the case. Outsourcing can be done to a company that is located anywhere, the location isnââ¬â¢t important.â⬠(Offshoring vs. Outsourcing, n.d.). There are many reason a businessRead MoreAnalysis of Three Videos on Outsourcing967 Words à |à 4 PagesCritical Thinking Assignment: Overseas Outsourcing Introduction One of the most polarizing business practices of the last two decades continues to be the decision on the part of businesses to outsource production of their products to third world nations, The are a myriad of benefits and risks to outsourcing, often as diverse as the companies that choose this strategy as a means to compete globally (Beasley, Bradford, Pagach, 2004). The three videos analyzed in the paper have successfully definedRead MoreMabuhay Pumps Company1205 Words à |à 5 Pagesdifficult for Renzo to point out that outsourcing their foundry production, would help the company in more ways than they expect, even though it is a huge change from the norm. Renzo believes that outsourcing will lessen expenses, generate more income and save enough money for future use or plans. The companyââ¬â¢s president strongly believes that MCP does not need to outsource products that they are able to produce themselves for this might mean loss of jobs, loss of talents and skills, and negativeRead MorePros and Cons for Outsourcing1710 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Outsourcing services in the US By Berend Schoute (1713035), student of the VU university Amsterdam. INTRODUCTION Hillary Clinton, I dont know what reality the Bush administration is living in, but its certainly not the reality I represent, from one end of New York to the other. This response came on the statement of the head of U.S. President George W. Bushs Council of Economic Advisers, Gregory Mankiw. He said: outsourcing is just a new way of doing international Read MoreSolution For Contemporary Economic Issues Essay1371 Words à |à 6 Pages free trade and outsourcing jobs. The free movement of labor encourages countries to develop their economic renaissance. Pettinger, an economics professor at Greenes College, points out in his article Free Movement of Labor, that many jobs; such as cleaning or some construction jobs, usually are not popular among local people (2012). In Saudi Arabia, almost all workers in cleaning and most of workers in the field of construction are not local workers. Filling high-skill jobs such as researchRead MoreOutsourcing Of Aviation Maintenance Practices And The Effects Of Globalization1352 Words à |à 6 Pages Outsourcing of Aviation Maintenance Practices and the Effects of Globalization Matthew Wilkerson Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Worldwide May 16, 2016 ââ¬Æ' Abstract Within the aviation industry outsourced maintenance practices have become increasingly more prevalent to maintain current assets. There is generally three processes currently being utilized by the airline industry: outsourcing specific maintenance needs, in-house operations, and lastly, a hybrid approach, which entails a combinationRead MoreOutsourcing For A Human Resource Essay1698 Words à |à 7 Pagescourse oppose or favor outsourcing jobs overseas. Secondly, this essay will deliberate upon the pros and cons of outsourcing overseas to a developing nation. Additionally, this paper will touch upon a situation with a human resource (HR) manager by the name of Jenny. With respect to, identifying whether Jenny should focus on her current career with her company or challenge her CEO contingent upon her own personal values and principles in relation to overseas outsourcing. Moreover, this paperRead MoreBussiness Qa Essay761 Words à |à 4 Pagescan make more money and it boosts th eir economy. 5. Why is outsourcing such an attractive way for firms to tap into foreign markets? What are the risks of foreign outsourcing? Instead of relying only on domestic workers, many companies also outsource some of their labor into foreign markets. This practice can have negative effects on the economy overall, individual businesses can often benefit from this practice. Outsourcing offshore can allow companies to tap into foreign markets and expandRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing1442 Words à |à 6 PagesWhat are the advantages and disadvantages to outsourcing in the global marketplace? In these times of great globalization where many countries have erased their borders when it comes to trade outsourcing has become an option for many companies. Whether or not to outsource is a key question that companies must consider. According to the Pros and Cons of Outsourcing, ââ¬Å"The decision to outsource or not is a matter of finding the right balance-the balance between managing labor costs, workflow, employee Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-63214202626871653192020-05-05T15:43:00.001-07:002020-05-05T15:43:19.026-07:00Little Miss Sunshine analysis Essay Example For Students Little Miss Sunshine analysis Essay Small miss sunlight analysis I am traveling to look at and analyze the gap to the movie Little Miss Sunshine. In this analysis I will look at and discourse things like subjects, mise on scene, filming, redacting and music. tring to be person your non is kind of the subject, the movie seems to clearly demo this through the gap sequence, for each scene presenting a character, includes a kind of contradiction/hypocritical overtone. The movie begins with an close-up of the small girlââ¬â¢s eyes, she is watching what at first seems to be unrecorded Television, as an announcer is about to declare the victor of a Miss America TV show, the scene jumping between shootings of the supporter ( olive ) and the Television demoing two glamourous adult females. The shooting of the protagonist gets wider after each leap cut demoing the misss full visual aspect, the more you see the miss more tring to be person else becomes clear because of the difference between the two shootings. For illustration you have a shooting of an chubby small miss with cockamamie apparels and so a shooting of two beautiful adult females with large hair and jewelry. The following scene introduces who we shortly find out to be the girlââ¬â¢s pa Richard who is making a motivational address about how to go a victor. The motivational address from the pa could be took for as to be straight talking to his girl, about seeking to animate her to go this image of a beauty queen depicted on the Television, its non precisely shown but the manner the editor cuts between the Richard and the miss seems to look like she is listening to him while he talks. Slowly as his ââ¬Å"9-Step Program to be a Winnerâ⬠address ends, the shooting begins to widen, and switches to the audience as the visible radiations go on. There are merely about four pupils in a small-ish talk room listening to his address, as if to demo we the spectator that Olive isnââ¬â¢t the lone one seeking to be person that she is non and merely a few are and that this movie isnââ¬â¢t so much a comedy but more of what could be a dark comedy. Following is the scene presenting Dwayne, who we come to gain that he is Olives brother. It begins with a close-up of him raising weights followed by a medium shooting of the his little weaponries raising rather little weights. The male child is a scraggy picket adolescent with black hair, and looks a spot like an emo/greb. This apparels chosen by costume sort of shows tring to be person else in the sense this teenage male child who looks like a skateboarder wants instead to be a American football star, is seeking to look like a fit athlete although does non look that manner from first feelings. Following comes the scene presenting another adult male, what seems to be the gramps ( from what we can garner from the manner the movies is puting its self out ) of the household. It starts with his custodies locking a door so undoing a belt battalion enchantress already to the spectator seems unusual. the adult male pulls out bag of drugs ( looks like cocaine ) and uses it. The spectator comes to gain that this adult male is far from a normal old cat, once more could be taken as ligature to be some your non because he is moving like a younger adult male, alternatively of an older adult male watching out for his wellness and moving his age. The following shooting introduces the Dendranthema grandifloruom ( Sheryl ) ( once more based on the given facts ) who seems frantically driving a auto while on the phone. The tring to be person else in this shooting seems to be in the duologue because as she is smoking a coffin nail and speaking to her hubby she says ââ¬Å"â⬠¦no Iââ¬â¢m non smoking! â⬠but so is speedy to flick it out of the window. .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 , .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 .postImageUrl , .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 , .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1:hover , .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1:visited , .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1:active { border:0!important; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1:active , .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1 .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82ac52e5640ccbbc409daf890dc8dec1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Legalization Of Drungs EssayThe last shooting of the gap sequence, the most of import when you think about it, is the shooting including the filmââ¬â¢s rubric. Here the mise-en-scene gives off the look/feel of the movie, the inspirational vocal quickens including more and more fiddles and doing the scene more dramatic. The opening scene ends with a average close-up of a manââ¬â¢s face ( although it seems as if the movie has had its opening scene, with the debut of sheryls brother it could be said that it is still opening ) . The adult male is in a wheel chair and a infirmary gown, he is looking depressed. The coloring material of the scene is rather blue/cool, giving kind of sad feeling. The best illustration of tring to be person else is in where the rubric in this shooting is as it said the words ââ¬Å"Little Miss Sunshineâ⬠and the word ââ¬Å"sunshine placed straight on his face ( you could reason ) . It is here the movies managers and cameramans give away the true feel of the movie and that it is no regular comedy, it is tragic, dry and dark. The mise-en-scene of the gap sequence show that these characters are non typical, they are different to their stereotypes/first visual aspect and are all seeking to be something that they are non. For illustration an ugly girl seeking to be a beauty queen, a also-ran seeking to go a victor, a tobacco user seeking non to look like a tobacco user, and a adult male who is old seeking to be immature. This is showed in the redaction of each characters own scenes, they begin with average close-ups of an action and as the spectator thinks they understand them ( in the sense of significance ) . As the shooting zooms out and we see the full scene ââ¬â the location, costume and visual aspect ââ¬â we shortly realise that the instance is complete face-to-face, like when we see that the pa has a empty talk hall while he is giving a address about winning. As the movie continues we start to see that the single characters are all portion of the same household and that they are seeking to acquire their girl to a beauty pageant. this household seems to be a dysfunctional/weird/unusual household seeking to populate the authoritative whatââ¬â¢s known as the AMERICAN DREAM. There all seeking to be happy and perfect while being eldritch and dysfunctional. The hues/saturation of the scenes and colourss of the characterââ¬â¢s vesture are all giving a warm/loving feeling to the film, while the movie is really meant to be rather dark and sometimes tragic. yeah the mirth is all in the tring to be person else , but once more, the filming is making what the characters are making, it is seeking to be something that itââ¬â¢s non, which is a household dark comedy seeking to be a fun household comedy. Although this does look to be all be done intentionally for the movie, which makes it quire different ticker. Small Miss Sunshine shows the attempts of a non so normal household seeking to acquire their girl to a childrenââ¬â¢s beauty pageant, but incorporating a kind of representation of issues in America at the clip. It seems to some what suggest a individuals battle to be perfect, every bit good as the battle of the a in-between category household in society. In the gap we come the realise there are many people involved in the narrative, each with there ain narrative to state. the characters when taking into history the age and gender, we assume they are a household. The spectator gets a little gustatory sensation of each individual to the non-diegetic sound of an instrumental vocal that plays in the background, that could be described as Inspirational or motivational. .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef , .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef .postImageUrl , .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef , .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef:hover , .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef:visited , .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef:active { border:0!important; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef:active , .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b8f570e348b435ec1c31bda977d51ef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: House Cats EssayThese subjects are all at some point represented within the film, which besides gives away the filmââ¬â¢s topic of what could be tring to be person else in the sense The film could be rather dry both in mise-en-scene and secret plan. The tring to be person else is at that place from the off set, for illustration the protagonistââ¬â¢s male parent managers people on how to be a victor while being unsuccessful at his ain occupation and the supporter is an chubby and awfully dressed kid who competes to go a beauty queen. while all this is go oning the filming gives a us bright and warm expression to a what seems to be a broken place. Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-13793633080368511942020-04-04T20:34:00.001-07:002020-04-04T20:34:02.915-07:00RIZALCHAPTER 20Two weeks after the publication of Essays RIZALCHAPTER 20Two weeks after the publication of the El Filibusterismo, Rizal left Ghent for Paris where he stayed for a few days to bid good bye to his friends.From Paris, he rode a train to Marseilles where he boarded the steamer Melbourne, bound for Hong Kong.He brought with him a recommendation letter given by Juan Luna addressed to Manuel Camus, a compatriot living in Singapore plus 600 copies of the El Filibusterismo.FAREWELL TO EUROPEAfter the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong and stayed there for 7 months.He decided to leave Europe because of the following reasons:Political differences with M.H. del Pilar and other compatriots in Spain.To be near the Philippines and his familyThere were 80 passengers, mostly Europeans and Rizal was the only Asian.There was an incident involving Rizal and the German ladies but eventually, the latter end up treating the former with admiration and respect.MELBOURNENovember 20, 1891Rizal was welcomed by Filipino r esidents headed by his friend Jose Maria Basa.He stayed in No. 5 D' Aguilar Street, No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace where he opened his clinic.RIZAL ARRIVED IN HKDecember 1, 1891Sent a letter to Rizal informing him about the sad news of the "deportation of 25 persons from Calamba, including his father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest of us".He also told Rizal that he wrote a letter addressed to the Queen Regent of Spain explaining their situation and if the Queen will not listen, then, he will ask Queen Victoria of England for help.MANUEL HIDALGO Before Christmas of 1891, Don Francisco, Paciano and Silvestre Ubaldo arrived in Hong Kong. Days after Dona Teodora, Lucia and Josefa and Trinidad also arrived.Dona Teodora - then 65 years old and almost blind.She suffered so much from the hands of the SpaniardsIn 1890, she was arrested on the flimsy charge of not using her surname Realonda, despite of her age and blindness she was forced by the officers to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz .RIZAL FAMILY REUNITED IN HONG KONGThe Christmas of 1891 is the happiest celebration in Rizal's lifeAsing - Rizal's cook in Hong KongJanuary 31, 1892 "Here we are all together, my parents, sisters and brother, in peace and far from the persecutionsbthey suffered in the Philippines. They are very much please with the english government" -RizalIn order to earn a living for himself, Rizal practiced medicine.Dr. Lorenzo Marques - a Portuguese physician who became his friend and admirer, helped him to build up a wide clientele.In due time Rizal became a successful and well-known medical practitioner in the British Colony.RIZAL OPTO SURGEON IN HKHe successfully operated his mother's eyes so that she was able to read and write again.Aside from being an eye specialist, Rizal was also a general practitioner, because there was an epidemic Because of the hardship of the Calamba folks under Gov. Gen. Valeriano Weyler, Rizal conceived the establishment of a Filipino colony in North Borneo (Sabah ).He planned to move the landless Filipino families to that rich British owned island.On March 7, 1892, Rizal went to Sandakan on board the ship Menon to negotiate with the British authorities.BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECTThe British authorities of Borneo were willing to give the Filipino colonists 100,000 acres of land, a beautiful Offered a fine program of governmentRizal offered his cooperation to him but he did not even acknowledged. harbor and a good government for 999 years, free of all charges.Manuel Hidalgo - objected to the projectOffered a fine program of governmentRizal offered his cooperation to him but he did not even acknowledged.La Liga Filipina - The Philippine LeagueRizal drafted its constitution while he was in Hong Kong with the help of Jose Maria Basa.Motto: One Like All (Unus Instar Omnium)Membership is based on endorsements and passing certain tests.Three levels of organizational councils:Popular ProvincialSupreme BASIS OF LA LIGAUnification of the whole archipel ago into a vigorous, compact bodyMutual protection in every part and necessityDefense against all forms of violence and injusticeStimulation of instruction, agriculture and commerceUndertaking of study and application of reformsAIMS OF LA LIGATo confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization projectTo establish the La Liga Filipina in ManilaTo prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that he, being comfortable and safe Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-30237635299799503272020-03-08T15:47:00.001-07:002020-03-08T15:47:03.512-07:00expression essaysexpression essays Ideology is an ever-present factor in our everyday lives. A good amount of the information we receive is tainted by ideological values. These values, unique to the source of the information are windows or reinforcements on their standings regarding any number of topics. When we receive the information at hand it is then subject our own individual ideological beliefs and values that we hold true. Ideology in film is such a powerful factor that in my opinion it is the biggest factor that should be consider when analyzing the information of the film. When it comes down to it film is a direct result of what someone is showing you. What that person is showing you is what they want you to see and what they dont want you to see, tainted by their own ideological standings. Oliver Stones explicit left-wing film Natural Born Killers uses ideologies as an underlying theme being examined by the bi-polar categories of Relative versus Absolute, Secular versus Religious, and Outsiders versus Insiders. In this paper I hope to dissect and explain the bi-polar categories regarding ideology. In the film Natural Born Killers Woody Harrelson and Juliette Lewis are Mickey Knox and Mallory Wilson, two young, attractive mass murderers in love in Stone's wild-eyed satire on the American fascination with criminals. After killing Mallory's loathsome parents, the pair perform a ritual "marriage" and take off on a "honeymoon" killing spree that wipes out 52 people pursued by a bad cop just as criminal. Bloodthirsty t.v. reporter Wayne Gale (Robert Downey Jr.) reports their every move to an adoring public. While warden Dwight McClusky (Tommy Lee Jones) is only too eager to welcome such celebrities to his prison for his own gain. The underlying ideological expression of Stone in this film is what I thought made it so powerful. Comparing the bi-polar category of Relative versus absolute and th ... Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-27213370044052375962020-02-21T06:14:00.001-08:002020-02-21T06:14:03.284-08:00How good, effective communication skills is well needed in a job of EssayHow good, effective communication skills is well needed in a job of being a nurse - Essay Example That is, nurses should be able to help patients understand their medical issues and also give them in-depth instructions regarding how to care for themselves, and then when it comes to fellow professionals, they need to communicate all the treatment details and other medical related process in a clear manner, so it does not give rise to medical errors and the related eventualities. (). Thus, the focus will be on how effective communication skills are needed to ensure patient safety and importantly to optimize the caring process of the patients. In that direction, proper and clear communication skills have to be exhibited by the nurses while communicating with the fellow nurses and other personnel regarding the treatment process of the patients. That is, not only they need to communicate clearly but also receive the communication in a clear and detailed manner. For example, when giving or receiving instructions about drug administration to the patients, reporting test results, etc., i n-person or through phone, the nurses need to strongly confirm the information before initiating the relevant actions. As it is easy to misunderstand someone's words, ââ¬Å"nurses should repeat the information to ensure they heard it correctlyâ⬠and could even make the receiver to repeat the same to confirm it further. (Williams). Then, when it comes to the communication between the nurses and the patients, it has to be effective at various levels. Firstly, while providing treatments to the patients, nurses has to clearly and slowly explain about all the medications and patients they are receiving. As the nurses have more day-to-day contact with the patients than other personnel, they need to ââ¬Å"help patients understand their diagnosis and prognosis and teach them how to participate in their recovery.â⬠(Williams). For that, they have to tailor or customize their communication based on the patientââ¬â¢s educational ability, age, medical awareness, etc. In that dire ction, they need to adopt a voice tone, which will be effective to particular patients. For example, while conversing with the children, the nurses can interact with them in a soft and affectionate tone to facilitate them to undergo the necessary treatments particularly during drug administering. The nurses need to communicate to the patients not only their treatment process in the hospital environment, but also the process they have to follow in their home as well. When one focuses on effective communication in nursing, what a nurse says and also how he/she says is just a part of the communication, because non-verbal communication forms a major part of the equation between nurses and patients, and also fellow personnel. In that direction, understanding the body language particularly facial reactions of the patients and also exhibiting strong and at the same time adaptive body language can aid in making a deep connection with the patients and thereby delivering efficient care to the m. Patientsââ¬â¢ nonverbal communication can tell the nurses how they are feeling, without the need to talk, and so the nurses should be attentive and focused on those aspects. Then, when it co Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-79736183683317667442020-02-05T05:27:00.001-08:002020-02-05T05:27:02.895-08:00Airline Mergers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsAirline Mergers - Essay Example Over the years, the number of airlines have been intentionally narrowed down to just a few major airlines. Narrowing down of the airlines have been actualized by mergers that have taken place over the years. The number of mergers have been exceptionally high. This has resulted in creation of some of the world huge airlines. Mergers happen in order for the two partners to gain a certain leverage that was not there before. Universally the reasons behind most of this unions are known. The main reasons include-: 2. Cutting cost- this might be the biggest motivator if not among the best factors. The situation can be looked as previous competitors marrying. This means that we will not have price wars into the future and costs of advertising automatically drops. 3. Surviving- it is a last resort on most companies, it is usually a case of staying in the business or being driven out of business. Therefore when a company is bankrupt or does not have the capability of surviving the tough market forces, merger come through as the only remedy. 5. Competitive advantage- it is a huge factor. Companies are able to reach out to market traditionally not accessed. Therefore this creates a headache for other players since the new merger brings with it financial might. 7. The reasons behind the mergers in the USA airline industry are factored in the above explained reasons. Mergers are nice for business but they are not immune to the law. It is normally a case of trending carefully in order not to break the laws of consumerism in the name of mergers. Therefore, it was not by mistake that in 2013 the government of the USA with support from numerous consumer federations filed a law suit stopping the merger between the mighty American and the mighty US air. The previous mergers that ever occurred did not raise as much issue and outcry as the Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-19217775082454840442020-01-28T01:51:00.001-08:002020-01-28T01:51:04.799-08:00X-ray diffractionX-ray diffraction INTRODUCTION: X-ray diffraction The diffraction of X-rays as they pass through a substance, usually forming an interference pattern that can be captured on film and used to analyze the internal structure of the substance. The scattering of x-rays by crystal atoms, producing a diffraction pattern that yields information about the structure of the crystal. X-ray diffraction is used in x-ray crystallography . X-ray diffraction the scattering of X rays by the atoms of a crystal; the diffraction pattern shows structure of the crystal . X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with typical photon energies in the range of 100 eV 100 keV. For diffraction applications, only short wavelength x-rays (hard x-rays) in the range of a few angstroms to 0.1 angstrom (1 keV 120 keV) are used. Because the wavelength of x-rays is comparable to the size of atoms, they are ideally suited for probing the structural arrangement of atoms and molecules in a wide range of materials. The energetic x-rays can penetrate deep into the materials and provide information about the bulk structure. X-rays are produced generally by either x-ray tubes or synchrotron radiation. In a x-ray tube, which is the primary x-ray source used in laboratory x-ray instruments, x-rays are generated when a focused electron beam accelerated across a high voltage field bombards a stationary or rotating solid target. As electrons collide with atoms in the target and slow down, a continuous spectrum of x-rays are emitted, which are termed Bremsstrahlung radiation. The high energy electrons also eject inner shell electrons in atoms through the ionization process. When a free electron fills the shell, a x-ray photon with energy characteristic of the target material is emitted. Common targets used in x-ray tubes include Cu and Mo, which emit 8 keV and 14 keV x-rays with corresponding wavelengths of 1.54 Ã⦠and 0.8 Ãâ¦, respectively. (The energy E of a x-ray photon and its wavelength is related by the equation E = hc/ï ¬, where h is Plancks constant and c the speed of light) (check out this ne at animated lecture on x-ray production) In recent years synchrotron facilities have become widely used as preferred sources for x-ray diffraction measurements. Synchrotron radiation is emitted by electrons or positrons travelling at near light speed in a circular storage ring. These powerful sources, which are thousands to millions of times more intense than laboratory x-ray tubes, have become indispensable tools for a wide range of structural investigations and brought advances in numerous fields of science and technology. Powder Diffraction Powder XRD (X-ray Diffraction) is perhaps the most widely used x-ray diffraction technique for characterizing materials. As the name suggests, the sample is usually in a powdery form, consisting of fine grains of single crystalline material to be studied. The technique is used also widely for studying particles in liquid suspensions or polycrystalline solids (bulk or thin film materials). The term powder really means that the crystalline domains are randomly oriented in the sample. Therefore when the 2-D diffraction pattern is recorded, it shows concentric rings of scattering peaks corresponding to the various d spacings in the crystal lattice. The positions and the intensities of the peaks are used for identifying the underlying structure (or phase) of the material. For example, the diffraction lines of graphite would be different from diamond even though they both are made of carbon atoms. This phase identification is important because the material properties are highly dependent on structure (just think of graphite and diamond). Powder diffraction data can be collected using either transmission or reflection geometry, as shown below. Because the particles in the powder sample are randomly oriented, these two methods will yield the same data. In the MRL x-ray facility, powder diffraction data are measured using the Philips XPERT MPD diffractometer, which measures data in reflection mode and is used mostly with solid samples, or the custom built 4-circle diffractometer, which operates in transmission mode and is more suitable for liquid phase samples. A powder XRD scan from a K2Ta2O6 sample is shown below as a plot of scattering intensity vs. the scattering angle 2or the corresponding d-spacing. The peak positions, intensities, widths and shapes all provide important information about the structure of the material. Thin Film Diffraction Generally speaking thin film diffraction refers not to a specific technique but rather a collection of XRD techniques used to characterize thin film samples grown on substrates. These materials have important technological applications in microelectronic and optoelectronic devices, where high quality epitaxial films are critical for device performance. Thin film diffraction methods are used as important process development and control tools, as hard x-rays can penetrate through the epitaxial layers and measure the properties of both the film and the substrate. There are several special considerations for using XRD to characterize thin film samples. First, reflection geometry is used for these measurements as the substrates are generally too thick for transmission. Second, high angular resolution is required because the peaks from semiconductor materials are sharp due to very low defect densities in the material. Consequently, multiple bounce crystal monochromators are used to provide a highly collimated x-ray beam for these measurements. For example, in the Philips MRD used in the x-ray facility, a 4-crystal monochromator made from Ge is used to produce an incident beam with less than 5 arc seconds of angular divergence. Basic XRD measurements made on thin film samples include: Precise lattice constants measurements derived from 2 scans, which provide information about lattice mismatch between the film and the substrate and therefore is indicative of strain stress Rocking curve measurements made by doing a scan at a fixed 2 angle, the width of which is inversely proportionally to the dislocation density in the film and is therefore used as a gauge of the quality of the film. Superlattice measurements in multilayered heteroepitaxial structures, which manifest as satellite peaks surrounding the main diffraction peak from the film. Film thickness and quality can be deduced from the data. Glancing incidence x-ray reflectivity measurements, which can determine the thickness, roughness, and density of the film. This technique does not require crystalline film and works even with amorphous materials. Texture measurementswill be discussed separately The following graph shows the high resolution XRD data of the superlattice peaks on the GaN (002) reflections. Red line denotes results of computer simulation of the structure. Texture Measurement (Pole Figure) Texture measurements are used to determine the orientation distribution of crystalline grains in a polycrystalline sample. A material is termed textured if the grains are aligned in a preferred orientation along certain lattice planes. One can view the textured state of a material (typically in the form of thin films) as an intermediate state in between a completely randomly oriented polycrystalline powder and a completely oriented single crystal. The texture is usually introduced in the fabrication process (e.g. rolling of thin sheet metal, deposition, etc.) and affect the material properties by introducing structural anisotropy. A texture measurement is also referred to as a pole figure as it is often plotted in polar coordinates consisting of the tilt and rotation angles with respect to a given crystallographic orientation. A pole figure is measured at a fixed scattering angle (constant d spacing) and consists of a series of -scans (in- plane rotation around the center of the sample) at different tilt or -(azimuth) angles, as illustrated below. The pole figure data are displayed as contour plots or elevation graphs with zero angle in the center. Below we show two pole figure plots using the same data set. An orientation distribution function (ODF) can be calculated using the pole figure data. Residual Stress Measurement Structural and residual stress in materials can be determined from precision lattice constants measurements. For polycrystalline samples high resolution powder diffraction measurements generally will provide adequate accuracy for stress evaluation. For textured (oriented) and single crystalline materials, 4-circle diffractometry is needed in which the sample is rotated so that measurements on multiple diffraction peaks can be carried out. The interpretation of stress measurement data is complicated and model dependent. Consult the reference literature for more details. Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) SAXS measurements typically are concerned with scattering angles SAXS measurements are technically challenging because of the small angular separation of the direct beam (which is very intense) and the scattered beam. Large specimen-to-detector distances (0.5 m 10 m) and high quality collimating optics are used to achieve good signal-to-noise ratio in the SAXS measurement. The MRL x-ray facility has cutting edge capabilities for SAXS measurements with three custom-built SAXS instruments including one 3.5-meter long ultra-small angle SAXS instrument with state-of-the-art optics and area detector for low scattering density samples. X-ray Crystallography X-ray crystallography is a standard technique for solving crystal structures. Its basic theory was developed soon after x-rays were first discovered more than a century ago. However, over the years it has gone through continual development in data collection instrumentation and data reduction methods. In recent years, the advent of synchrotron radiation sources, area detector based data collection instruments, and high speed computers has dramatically enhanced the efficiency of crystallographic structural determination. Today x-ray crystallography is widely used in materials and biological research. Structures of very large biological machinery (e.g. protein and DNA complexes, virus particles) have been solved using this method. In x-ray crystallography, integrated intensities of the diffraction peaks are used to reconstruct the electron density map within the unit cell in the crystal. To achieve high accuracy in the reconstruction, which is done by Fourier transforming the diffraction intensities with appropriate phase assignment, a high degree of completeness as well as redundancy in diffraction data is necessary, meaning that all possible reflections are measured multiple times to reduce systematic and statistical error. The most efficient way to do this is by using an area detector which can collect diffraction data in a large solid angle. The use of high intensity x-ray sources, such as synchrotron radiation, is an effective way to reduce data collection time. One of the central difficulties in structural determination using x-ray crystallography is referred to as the phase problem, which arises from the fact that the diffraction data contains information only on the amplitude but not the phase of the structure factor. Over the years many methods have been developed to deduce the phases for reflections, including computationally based direct methods, isomorphous replacement, and multi-wavelength anormalous diffraction (MAD) methods. METHODOLOGY: X-Ray Diffraction Method At Proto we use the x-ray diffraction method to measure residual stress. X-ray diffraction is presently the only portable nondestructive method that can quantitatively measure residual stress in crystalline and semi-crystalline materials. Our high speed x-ray detector technology enables measurements to be performed easily on metals and ceramics; including traditionally difficult materials such as shot peened titanium. XRD uses the coherent domains of the material (the grain structure) like a strain gage which reacts to the stress state existing in the material. Residual stress and / or applied stress expands or contracts the atomic lattice spacing (d). How do we Measure Stress? Actually, we measure strain and convert to stress. The d-spacings are calculated using Braggs Law: à » = 2 d sin . If a monochromatic (ï ¬) x-ray beam impinges upon a sample with an ordered lattice spacing (d), constructive interference will occur at an angle . Changes in strain and thus the d-spacing translate into changes in the diffraction angle measured by the x-ray detectors. The diffraction pattern is in the shape of a cone for polycrystalline materials. The shape of the diffraction peaks can also be related to the dislocation density and coherent domain size. Why Use Multiple Detectors? Unlike other single detector systems. Proto uses two (2) detectors for stress measurements thus capturing both sides of the diffraction cone. This means twice as much data is collected in the same amount of time simply by virtue of the design. Proto offers a four (4) detector system that can be used for both the four peak % retained austenite method and in multiphase stress measurements. Proto also offers 3 and 5 detector configurations for use in Simultaneous Stress and % Retained Austenite determination. Proto adheres to SAE SP-453 Retained Austenite and Its Measurement by X-ray Diffraction and ASTM E975-84 Standard Practice for X-ray Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel with Near Random Crystallographic Orientation.. Patented Fiber Optic Based Solid State Detectors Longevity and Maintenance Proto uses fiber optic based solid state detectors. The fiber optics allow the detector electronics to be remote from the sensing head making them suitable for measurements in harsh environments. Proto detectors are maintenance free and do not degrade with exposure to x-rays, thus less down time, better productivity and no hidden maintenance costs. Direct expose solid state detectors and position sensitive proportional counters degrade with exposure to x-rays and eventually require replacement which can be extremely costly. Because of x-ray damage, these detectors and counters must constantly be re-calibrated. In addition, some position sensitive proportional counters require periodic (bi-annual) maintenance to refill the sealed gas filled detector housing. Speed Proto detectors are the fastest detectors on the market today. A stress measurement can be performed in less than 0.3 seconds, an order of magnitude faster than any other detector technology commercially available. Position sensitive proportional counters can only detect one x-ray event at a time. In addition, there is dead time associated with their signal processing which slows data collection. Proto detectors have no dead time associated with them. They are multi-channel solid state detectors that collect many x-ray events simultaneously resulting in unmatched data collection speed. This is particularly important for laboratories with high throughput demands and for industrial on-line and audit station applications. Drift Position sensitive proportional counters can drift if there is any fluctuation in the DC bias voltage thus causing errors in peak position determination. Ambient temperature fluctuations, gas pressure and oxides on connections, to name a few, can contribute to detector instability and drift. Proto detectors are solid state, thus there is no positional drift associated with them. This means they are much more stable in harsh environments and at elevated or cold temperatures. Detector width Protos wide 2 detector range, 18.7 degrees 2for the 40 mm goniometer geometry offers increased accuracy on materials with broad diffraction peaks found in hardened tool and bearing steels. Flexibility in Residual Stress Measurement Techniques Most systems, particularly one detector systems, offer only double exposure and multiple exposure sin à ²Ã¯ ¹ techniques. Proto systems offer the double exposure and multiple exposure sin à ²Ã¯ ¹ techniques as well as the single exposure technique and the multiple exposure sin à ²Ã¯ £ techniques. This translates into more flexibility for characterizing samples with complicated geometries. Flexibility in Residual Stress Analysis With Proto equipment, unlike other diffraction systems, diffraction peaks can be fit using a number of mathematical functions including, Parabola, Gaussian, Cauchy, Pearson VII, centroid, and mid-chords. Proto also offers both the difference, and cross-correlation methods for peak position determination. This translates into both improved accuracy and flexibility. Focusing Optics Proto systems operate on a true center of rotation and are delivered pre-calibrated to meet exceed ASTM E915-90 Standard Test Method for Verifying the Alignment of X-ray Diffraction Instrumentation for Residual Stress and adhere to SAE J784a Residual Stress Measurement by X-ray Diffraction alignment specifications. All Proto systems operate using parafocusing optics thus eliminating the need for Sollier slits and allowing very fine positional accuracy in stress measurements inside 90 mm and 120 mm i.d. confinements (e.g. the i.d. of pipes and holes, or between parallel surfaces). The competition cannot offer access to such small holes. Simplicity in Use, Sophistication in Results Proto systems are easy to use and setup: Quick change apertures allow for easy adjustment of the irradiated area and sample setup (apertures can be changed in about 2 seconds) with beam dimensions (irradiated area) available from 0.3 mm to 5.0 mm. Sample positioning and focusing can be performed easily using the standoff pointer provided with all systems and through the collimator laser pointer which allows the user to quickly locate measurement locations. This is particularly helpful when using the Automated Stress Mapping option. The 4-Point bending fixture and Proto strain bridge are used for quick and easy determination of the effective x-ray elastic constant for new materials as per ASTM 1426-91, Standard Test Method for Determining the Effective Elastic Parameter for X-ray Diffraction Measurements of Residual Stress. The Proto Portable Electro Polisher is custom manufactured specifically for x-ray diffraction work, making material removal quick and efficient. Truly portable systems are available weighing less than 18 kg (40 lbs). Custom systems are available for customers with special requirements. Comprehensive turnkey systems are offered by Proto to their customers to simplify and expedite their stress measurement needs. Continuous Research and Development and a commitment to give you the best systems in the world. CONCLUSION: à · Other Sectionsââ" ¼ Abstract 1.Introduction 2.Purification 3.Crystallization 4.X-ray diffraction data collection and analysis 5.Conclusion References Abstract Human phosphate-binding protein (HPBP) was serendipitously discovered by crystallization and X-ray crystallography. HPBP belongs to a eukaryotic protein family named DING that is systematically absent from the genomic database. This apoprotein of 38 kDa copurifies with the HDL-associated apoprotein paraoxonase (PON1) and binds inorganic phosphate. HPBP is the first identified transporter capable of binding phosphate ions in human plasma. Thus, it may be regarded as a predictor of phosphate-related diseases such as atherosclerosis. In addition, HPBP may be a potential therapeutic protein for the treatment of such diseases. Here, the purification, detergent-exchange protocol and crystallization conditions that led to the discovery of HPBP are reported. Keywords: ABC transporters, missing gene, apoproteins, atherosclerosis, paraoxonase à · Other Sectionsââ" ¼HPBP was serendipitously discovered from supposedly pure PON1. The structure of HPBP (Morales et al., 2006 ) relates it to prokaryote phosphate solute-binding protein (SBP; Tam Saier, 1993; Luecke Quiocho, 1990 ; Vyas et al., 2003), which is associated with the ATP-binding cassette transmembrane transporters (ABC transporters; Higgins, 1992). Despite the existence of the ABC transporter in eukaryotes, SBPs have never been described or predicted by genomic databases in eukaryotes. The complete amino-acid sequence of HPBP (376 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 38.4 kDa) was assigned from the electron-density map at the 10% error level (Morales et al., 2006). Surprisingly, the deduced HPBP sequence cannot be retrieved from the human genome or other genomic databases. HPBP is related to a family of eukaryotic proteins that are named DING owing to their four conserved N-terminal residues (Berna et al., 2002). Similarly to HPBP, DING genes are also absent from DNA or RNA databases, although they are likely to be ubiquitous in eukaryotes. This raises numerous questions about the peculiarity of DING genes. The HPBP sequence deduced by crystallography is the first complete sequence of a DING protein and provides a precious basis for understanding the genetic mystery associated with DING proteins. We have provided evidence that HPBP is a new apoprotein mainly located on HDL (good cholesterol) capable of binding inorganic phosphate ions. Furthermore, HPBP presents 59% amino-acid identity with a protein named crystal-adhesion inhibitor (CAI) that may prevent the development of kidney stones by inhibiting the adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals to renal cells (Kumar et al., 2004). Thus, HPBP could be tentatively regarded as a potential predictor and as a possible therapeutic protein for treatment of phosphate-related disorders, including atherosclerosis. In this article, we report the purification, detergent-exchange protocol and crystallization conditions that led to the discovery of HPBP. HPBP was discovered by copurification from an apparently pure PON1 preparation. The HPBP/PON1-containing fractions were obtained according to a protocol based on the method of Gan et al. (1991) (Renault et al., in preparation) that was assumed to provide PON1 pure at âⰠ¥95%. Briefly, out of date plasma bags from blood donors (Etablissement Franà §ais du Sang Rhà ´ne-Alpes) were supplemented with CaCl2 to a final concentration of 10 mM before the resulting fibrin clot was separated by filtration. The filtrate was then submitted to a pseudo-affinity chromatography on Cibacron Blue 3GA-agarose (type 3000-CL; Sigma) using 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.0 supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2 and 3 M NaCl to avoid the adsorption of albumin. Elution of hydrophobic plasma proteins, mainly lipoproteins, was performed using 0.1% sodium deoxycholate and 0.1% Triton X-100 in Tris-HCl buffer. The PON1-containing fractions were pooled and separated from the other HDL-bound proteins, mainly apolipoprotei n A-I, by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow (Pharmacia Biotech) using 25 mM Tris buffer containing 0.1% Triton X-100 as starting buffer with a gradient of NaCl (0-0.35 M). Pooled HPBP/PON1-containing fractions were dialyzed and concentrated in the presence of C-12 maltoside (0.64 mM) using a centrifugation device (Centriprep Amicon, 10 kDa cutoff, Millipore, St Quentin-en-Yvelines, France) to a final absorbance of 2.3 at 280 nm. Light-scattering analysis revealed a homogeneous sample with an apparent molecular weight of about 80 kDa (Josse et al., 2002 ). This molecular weight was attributed to dimeric PON1 because the existence of HPBP was unknown at this point. Some dialyzed fractions spontaneously crystallized overnight. Crystal plates were very numerous and very thin (about 1 à µm width). Once useless crystals had formed in the absence of precipitant agent, it was impossible to dissolve them again. Thus, crystallization trials were performed quickly after detergent exchange. Inspection of the resulting electron-density map clearly indicated that the crystallized protein was not PON1. The sequence deduced from the structure was totally unknown and not predicted by the genomic database. The complete amino-acid sequence was determined from X-ray data. This protein is the first inorganic phosphate transporter characterized in human plasma (Morales et al., 2006). The discovery of this protein by crystallography opens new insight into the physiopathology and medical treatment of phosphate-related diseases RECENTDEVELOPMENTS IN POLYMER CHARACTERIZATION USING X-RAYDIFFRACTION In the absence of an orientational force, thelamellae organize into spherulites (1-10 mm indiameter). X-ray scattering can be used to ob-tain structural information at three lengthscalesââ¬â1, 10 and 100nmââ¬âusing scattering atwide-, small- and ultra small-angles, respec-tively.A continuum of structures between the ex-tremesof what are generally regarded as amor-phous and crystalline phases are present in areal polymer, and these entities have complexorganization. But, a model that describes thesemicrystalline polymers in terms of two phases, an average amorphous and an averagecrystalline phase, has been found to be ade-quate for many practical purposes. The fractionof the material that is crystalline, the crys-tallinity or crystalline index, is an important pa-rameter in the two-phase model. Crystallinitycan be determined from a wide-angle X-ray dif- fraction (WAXD) scan by comparing the areaunder the crystalline peaks to the total scatteredintensity [12]. The accuracy and the precision ofthese measurements can be improved by draw-ing a proper base-line, using an appropriateamorphous template, and by carefully choosingthe crystalline peaks [13, 14]. The disorder inthecrystalline domains can be evaluated by measuring the crystallite sizes which are relatedto the radial widths D(2q) of the reflections at ascattering angle 2q by the Scherrer equation. Inreality, there are two contributions to the width:one is the size and the other is the para crystallinity or microstrain [15, 16]. A more detailed analysis based on the Warren-Averbach methodis widely used in metals and ceramics, but lessso in polymers [17]. The disorder in the crys-talline domains is also reflected in the unit celldimensions. But, calculation of the unit cell pa-rameters requires an accurate measurement ofthe positions of many crystalline peaks, which can be difficult. Therefore, in practice, relativepositions of selected crystalline peaks are used as accurate measures of the changes unit cellparameters [18, 19].Structures at length scales larger than a unit cell (10nm instead of 1nm) can be investi-gated using small-angle X-ray scattering(SAXS). The methodology for these analysis isnow highly developed and can be found in anystandard literature [9, 20-24]. While WAXD isused to study the orientation of the crystals,and the packing of the chains within these crys-tals, SAXS is used to study the electron densityfluctuations that occur over larger distances asa result of structural inhomogeneities. SAXS iswidely used to study the lamellar structure bymeasuring parameters such as lamellar spac-ing, height and thickness of the transition layer betweenthe crystalline and amorphous domains. In theanalysis of fibers, SAXS can provide informa-tion about the details of fibrillar morphologysuch as fibril diameter and orientation, and large scale inhomogeneity such as microporesand cracks. This information is somewhat simi-lar to that obtained from a transmission elec-tron micrograph, with one important difference:SAXS requires no sample preparation , and thedata is averaged over the area (typically 0.1mm2) of illumination. SAXS is also used for studying conformation, size and dynamics ofpolymers in solutions and in gels. 3. New Methods to Study Polymer Structure The two-phase model for the polymer hasbeen quite useful in providing a qualitative un-derstanding of the polymer properties in termof its structure, but is not adequate for quantita-tive prediction of the polymer properties. For this purpose, a detailed knowledge of the char-acteristics and distribution of soft (amorphous) and hard (crystalline) domains, and the interac-tions between these domains is necessary. New techniques that have been introduced duringthe past decade provide precisely this informa- tion. Some of these techniques will be discussed here. 3.1. Microbeam Diffraction Microbeam diffraction, or microdiffraction,has been used in semiconductor industry for over 25 years [25]. It is now being used to ex-amine polymeric materials. In most routine characterization of polymers, it is assumed thatthe structure is homogeneous. But, this is not always the case. Temperature gradients are pre-sent during injection molding, and both temper- ature and stress gradients are present duringextrusion and drawing. These gradients intro- duce structural inhomogeneities that influencepolymer performance. Even filaments that are only 10 mm in diameter show variations in ori-entation and density across the cross section [5, 26]. These structural gradients, and the changesin these gradients during deformation can now be studied at spatial resolutions as small as1 mm using microbeam diffraction [26]. An ex- ample of the typical structural gradients presentin a shown in Figure 2 [6]. This diffractogram was obtained from KevlarTM fiber with a 3 mm 16 Synchrotron Radiation Facility) synchrotronsource. The data show that the Hermans orien- tation function of the crystalline domains in this12 mm diameter fiber increases from 0.955 at the center to 0.980 at the surface of the fiber.The higher orientation of the skin layer is obvi- ously due to large shear stresses at the spin-neret, extensional forces in the air-gap and the solidification in the coagulation bath. Such astructural gradient implies that the modulus de- creases from the skin to core. It is interesting tonote that these inhomogeneities gradually de- crease and disappear under uniaxial stress.Microbeam techniques have reached a level of sophistication that it is now possible to focus .X-rays on a micron size crystal and follow the changes in the structure from one crystal to t Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-85510095309210120832020-01-19T22:13:00.001-08:002020-01-19T22:13:02.923-08:00The Business of Offshore Outsourcing in India :: Globalization essays, research papers Offshore outsourcing of IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) is known to be the practice of hiring an external organization to perform some or all business functions in a country other than the one where the product or service will be sold or consumed. ââ¬Å"In 2005 IT and BPO were estimated to have generated revenues of $36 billion contributing nearly 5% of the GDPâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Virtual,â⬠2006, p. 1). It is very clear that BPO has transformed into a very large and profitable business, with ââ¬Å"India leading the way by providing $7.5 billion in BPO revenue this year. Indiaââ¬â¢s outsourcing capabilities have grown steadily throughout the last decadeâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Turning India,â⬠2006, p. 1). ââ¬Å"In the 1980ââ¬â¢s outsourcers in India did low skill jobs such as data entry and some software development. In the 1990ââ¬â¢s they expanded by doing larger software projects, taking over entire IT systems and back office functions such as accounting for U.S. and European corporations â⬠(ââ¬Å"Offshoring,â⬠2006, p.1). ââ¬Å"Indian IT grew on the relatively humdrum software work needed to fix the Y2k millennium bug at the end of the 20th century. It then received a boost from the dotcom bust, which in many firms in America and elsewhere caused IT budgets to be slashed, prompting outsourcing to India for a lower priceâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Virtual,â⬠2006, p. 1). The India of today has taken on new challenges and more sophisticated services such as engineering, research and development, and designing auto parts, and chips for wireless service (ââ¬Å"Offshoring,â⬠2006, p. 1). ââ¬Å"Now Indian firms can perform almost every service offered by the global giants of IT outsourcing and Indiaââ¬â¢s core business remains ââ¬Å"ADMâ⬠which is the application, development and maintenance of software, which accounts for about 55% of exports of IT servicesâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Virtual,â⬠2006, p.1). Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, and Wipro are the three largest Indian IT service firms in India, ââ¬Å"Each are recruiting and hiring more than 1,000 people per monthâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Next Wave,â⬠2006, p. 1). J.P. Morgan Chase, a large investment bank in the U.S., plans to double its staff to 9,000 in the near future. These new employees responsibility will be to settle complex structured finance and derivative deals (ââ¬Å"Next Wave,â⬠2006 p. 1). These new investments all show that India has moved into a third stage of the great Indian services-export boom. In the first stage, ââ¬Å"firms such as Tata developed world-class expertise in software application development, and maintenance. The Business of Offshore Outsourcing in India :: Globalization essays, research papers Offshore outsourcing of IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) is known to be the practice of hiring an external organization to perform some or all business functions in a country other than the one where the product or service will be sold or consumed. ââ¬Å"In 2005 IT and BPO were estimated to have generated revenues of $36 billion contributing nearly 5% of the GDPâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Virtual,â⬠2006, p. 1). It is very clear that BPO has transformed into a very large and profitable business, with ââ¬Å"India leading the way by providing $7.5 billion in BPO revenue this year. Indiaââ¬â¢s outsourcing capabilities have grown steadily throughout the last decadeâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Turning India,â⬠2006, p. 1). ââ¬Å"In the 1980ââ¬â¢s outsourcers in India did low skill jobs such as data entry and some software development. In the 1990ââ¬â¢s they expanded by doing larger software projects, taking over entire IT systems and back office functions such as accounting for U.S. and European corporations â⬠(ââ¬Å"Offshoring,â⬠2006, p.1). ââ¬Å"Indian IT grew on the relatively humdrum software work needed to fix the Y2k millennium bug at the end of the 20th century. It then received a boost from the dotcom bust, which in many firms in America and elsewhere caused IT budgets to be slashed, prompting outsourcing to India for a lower priceâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Virtual,â⬠2006, p. 1). The India of today has taken on new challenges and more sophisticated services such as engineering, research and development, and designing auto parts, and chips for wireless service (ââ¬Å"Offshoring,â⬠2006, p. 1). ââ¬Å"Now Indian firms can perform almost every service offered by the global giants of IT outsourcing and Indiaââ¬â¢s core business remains ââ¬Å"ADMâ⬠which is the application, development and maintenance of software, which accounts for about 55% of exports of IT servicesâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Virtual,â⬠2006, p.1). Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, and Wipro are the three largest Indian IT service firms in India, ââ¬Å"Each are recruiting and hiring more than 1,000 people per monthâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Next Wave,â⬠2006, p. 1). J.P. Morgan Chase, a large investment bank in the U.S., plans to double its staff to 9,000 in the near future. These new employees responsibility will be to settle complex structured finance and derivative deals (ââ¬Å"Next Wave,â⬠2006 p. 1). These new investments all show that India has moved into a third stage of the great Indian services-export boom. In the first stage, ââ¬Å"firms such as Tata developed world-class expertise in software application development, and maintenance. Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-58168055965868687642020-01-11T18:37:00.001-08:002020-01-11T18:37:05.244-08:00Study on Infiltration and Soil Texture Under Banana and Maize Land Use Systems in Gatundu Catchment, Kiambu County, KenyaKENYATTA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY STUDY ON INFILTRATION AND SOIL TEXTURE UNDER BANANA AND MAIZE LAND USE SYSTEMS IN GATUNDU CATCHMENT, KIAMBU COUNTY,KENYA KAKAIRE JOEL I56EA/20023/2012 ICEDUNA MARION I56EA/20021/2012 MWM714: FIELD MAPPING AND LABORATORY TECHQNIUES FIELD REPORT COURSE INSTRUCTOR: DR. MAKOKHA GEORGE TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGES 1. 0 Introduction â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 1 1. Significance of the study â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 2 1. 2 Objectives â⬠¦Ã ¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 2 1. 2. 1 Specific Objectives â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 2 2. 0 METHODS AND MATERIALS â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 3 2. INTRODUCTIONâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 3 2. 2 Study area â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 3 2. 3 Research designâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 6 2. 4 Data collection procedures and laboratory analysis â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 6 2. 4. Soil Texture â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 6 2. 4. 2 Infiltration â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 7 3. 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 8 3. 1 Soil Infiltration Measurements â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â ¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 8 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 13 5. 0 REFERENCESâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 15 APPENDIX â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 17 Appendix 1: Data sheet for Infiltration for Banana and Maize Fields â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 17 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: I nfiltration Curve of Banana field â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 0 Figure 2: Cumulative Infiltration of Banana Field â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 10 Figure 3: Infiltration curve of Maize Field â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 11 Figure 4: Cumulative infiltration of Maize Fieldâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 11 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Description of infiltration sites â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã ¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 8 Table 2.Summary of the soil texture report from the test sites â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 12 LIST OF PLATES Plate 1: Infiltration in Banana and Maize field respectively â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 7 iv v 1. 0 Introduction Water is one of the most important factors limiting the growth of plants in all Agricultural systems. In this respect, good water management is necessary in order to solve water related problems such as irrigation and erosion control. Infiltration is the process by which water arriving at the soil surface enters the soil.This process affects surface runoff, soil erosion, and groundwater recharge (Gregory et al. , 2005). The rate at which it occurs is known as infiltration rate which mainly depends on the characteristics of the soil. ( Saxton, 1986) reported that, the major soil and water characteristics affecting infiltration rates are: the initial moisture content, condition of the surface, hydraulic conductivity of the soil profile, texture, porosity, degree of swelling of soil colloids, organic matter, vegetative cover and duration of irrigation or rainfall and of these, soil texture is predominant.Therefore the measurement of water infiltration into the soil is an important indication in regard to the efficiency of irrigation and drainage, optimizing the availability of water for plants, improving the yield of crops, minimizing erosion and describing the soil permeability. Land use and land cover changes among other factors have also been reported to infuluence the infiltration rate of soil. According to (Suresh, 2008), for a given soil, the land use pattern plays a vital role in determining i ts infiltration characteristics.Different land use practices affect infiltration rates in different ways. (Taylor et al, 2009), observed that intensified land use results primarily in a change in soil structure rather than soil compaction. When land is put to certain uses, there is an accompanying change in the properties of the soil and this alters the hydrological balance of the soil. According to (Osuji, 2010) infiltration rates in tropical forests under bush fallow were found to be high compared to arable crop land. In addition, Majaliwa et al. 2010) explains that the change from natural forest cover to tea and Eucalyptus induces changes in top soil properties like exchangeable Magnesium and Calcium, available Phosphorus, soil organic matter, soil pH, and soil structure of sub soil. Furthermore, Land use/type cover influences soil organic matter evolution which is a vital indicator of soil quality and it has implications on soil properties like aggregate stability/soil structure , infiltration and aeration rates, microbial activity and nutrient release (Boye and 1Albrect, 2001). Additionally a soilââ¬â¢s water retention characteristic, is affected by soil organic matter (SOM) content and porosity, which are significantly influenced by land use type (Zhou et al. , 2008). Gatundu catchment is one of the catchments in Kenya which have experienced soil degradation due to conversion of natural forest to crop land mainly banana, maize and Coffee. This has been fastened by the increasing population in the catchment leaving most of the natural forest cover cleared and replaced by crop land.The result has been massive soil degradation, through loss of plant nutrients and organic matter, soil erosion, river bank degradation; build up of salinity, and damage to soil structure (Bekunda et al. , 2010). Therefore this study aims to determine the degree of relationship between infiltration rates and the land use types in two selected sites under Banana and Maize croppi ng systems in Gatundu sub catchment. 1. 1 Significance of the study The knowledge of water retention capacity and land use effects is important for efficient soil and water management.Upon conversion of natural lands to cultivated fields, water retention capacity is strongly influenced (Schwartz et al. , 2000; Bormann and Klaassen, 2008; Zhou et al. , 2008). Thus, infiltration rate is an important factor in sustainable agriculture, effective watershed management, surface runoff, and retaining water and soil resources. Properly designed and constructed infiltration facilities can be one of the most effective flow control (and water quality treatment) storm water control practices, and should be encouraged where conditions are appropriate (Ecology, 2005) 1. Objectives The objective of the study is to determine the effect of banana and Maize land use practices on water infiltration into the soil in Gatundu catchment 1. 2. 1 Specific Objectives 2 1. 2. Describe how different soil types influence water flow through the soil Compare Water movements through the soil at two different sites (Banana and Maize fields) 3. To find out how soil texture influences water infiltration into the soil 2. 0 METHODS AND MATERIALS 2. INTRODUCTION This section covers the methods and materials used in the study which include description of the study area, experimental design, field data collection procedures for soil samples and data analysis procedures; laboratory and statistical data analysis using Microsoft office package. 2. 2 Study area Gatundu district is one of the districts located in central province of Kenya at 1à ° 1â⬠² 0â⬠³ South, 36à ° 56â⬠² 0â⬠³ East; covering an area of 481. 1 km2 and borders Thika district to the East and North and Kiambu East to the South and West (Figure 5).The population density varies from 370 persons per Km2 in Chania and Mangu divisions to 636 persons per Km2 in Gatundu division on the 2008 population projections. Gatundu divisi on is the most densely populated division with 636 persons per square Km. The population over the plan period is expected to increase marginally thereby increasing demand and competition for the available resources like water and land resources (Gatundu District Development plan, 2008 -2012). 3 ` Figure 5: Map of Gatundu south Topography features of Gatundu district Gatundu district is located about 1520 m ASL at the lowest point and 2280 m ASL at the highest point.There are several permanent rivers and streams that traverse the landscape and these include Ndaruga, Thiririka, and Kahuga. All these rivers flow from the Aberdare ranges to the west and towards the southeast joining River Tana thus forming part of Tana and Athi river 4 drainage system. The train is conducive for gravity system of irrigation (Gatundu District Development plan, 2008 -2012). Terrain Gatundu district is characterized by a ragged terrain, which has had both the negative and positive impacts on the developmen t of the district.The steep slopes and valleys characteristic of the most part of the district, coupled with intensive crop cultivation render most of these areas susceptible to soil erosion making it necessary for farmers to practice terracing which is costly. The conducive environment in the district favour the cultivation of tea and coffee however, other crops like cereals, horticultural crops such as pineapple, mangoes, avocadoes and vegetables plus bananas (Gatundu District Development plan, 2008 -2012). Soils Gatundu district has soils that correspond entirely with typical Aberdare Humic Andosols and Nitosols.These Nitosols have great agricultural potential coupled with the relatively high rainfall regime in the region. Production of tea, coffee, tropical fruits and food crops such as maize, beans and potatoes are the most common sources of income to the households. The hilly terrain of the district has had profound effect on the soils, resulting into low and moderate fertilit y levels (Gatundu District Development plan, 2008 -2012). Climate The rainfall pattern is bi-modal with two distinct rainy seasons, long rains falling in March and May while short rains between October and November.The amount received varies with altitude ranging from 800 mm to 2000 mm with the highest rainfall being experienced in the tea zones. The mean temperature is 200 C with coldest months being June, July and August. The hottest months are February, March and April. Temperatures vary from 80C minimum to 300 C maximum during the year. (Gatundu District Development plan, 2008 -2012) 5 2. 3 Research design A completely randomized block design was used for the study. Two treatments were considered (Banana and Maize land uses) and the blocking was landscape position. For Each land use type, only one experiment was carried out because of time. . 4 Data collection procedures and laboratory analysis 2. 4. 1 Soil Texture Five (5) soil samples from both Banana and Maize land uses at di fferent landscape positions were collected. The sampling was done at depth of 0 -15 cm and were collected using a 50 mm diameter auger using a Random sampling Technique as explained by Haghighi et al. (2010) . The 0-15cm depth was considered because itââ¬â¢s the major agricultural layer and root zone for most of the crops. The five soil samples from each land use were thoroughly mixed to obtain composite soil samples which were taken to Makerere University Laboratory for Analysis.Soil texture was determined using the hydrometer method described by Bouyoucos (1962) and results presented in percentages of mineral proportions. The samples were passed through an electric shaker for 30 minutes and then the sample was treated with sodium hexametaphosphate to complex Ca++, Al3+, Fe3+, and other cations that bind clay and silt particles into aggregates. The density of the soil suspension was determined with a hydrometer which was calibrated to read in grams of solids per liter after the sand settled out and again after the silt settled. Corrections were made for the density and temperature of the dispersing solutions.The percentages of mineral fractions were calculated as below; Percent clay: % clay = corrected hydrometer reading at 6 hrs, 52 min. x 100/ wt. of sample Percent silt: % silt = corrected hydrometer reading at 40 sec. x 100/ wt. of sample ââ¬â % clay Percent sand: 6 % sand = 100% ââ¬â % silt ââ¬â % clay Results were reported as percentages of the mineral fraction, % sand, % silt, and % clay. Soil texture was based on the USDA textural triangle. 2. 4. 2 Infiltration The infiltration rate was determined using double-ring infiltrometer as described by American Society for Testing and Materials (1994).It consists of two concentric metal rings. The rings were driven into the ground and filled with water. The outer ring helped to prevent divergent flow. The drop-in water level or volume in the inner ring was used to calculate the infiltration rate . Clock time was recorded when the test began and noted the water level on the ruler at different time intervals as seen in Appendix 1, recorded the drop in water level in the inner ring on the ruler and kept adding water to bring the level back to approximately the original level.The tests were conducted for a period of one to two hours, until the infiltration rate became constant. The infiltration rate was calculated from the rate of fall of the water level in the inner ring as seen in Appendix 1 in the tenth minutes in both the banana field and maize fields. The data was analyzed by drawing graphs of infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration. In both cases, curves were obtained. Plate 1: Infiltration in Banana and Maize field respectively 7 3. 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3. Soil Infiltration Measurements Soil infiltration measurements were made at 2 sites in Gatundu sub catchment (Plate 1 above). The two sites have the same soil characteristics, therefore they have been classif ied by the different land uses and land scape positions coupled by other field observations. Sites were selected based on land use, proximity to water source, site accessibility, and soil type. Table 1: Description of infiltration sites Site Location Banana Site Observed and use and field observations Site with Banana plantations, Has some mounds, some trees adjacent to the field, itââ¬â¢s on a higher elevation Maize Site Site with Maize, The site is close to a trench used for moving water, Its close to the road , Itââ¬â¢s on a lower elevation Figure 1(Banana land use) and Figure 3(Maize land use) shows that the water infiltrates at a very high rate at the beginning with 1800 mm/hr and 720mm/hr respectively; because the hydraulic gradient is high and then keeps declining with time until it becomes fairly steady after the soils become saturated, which is termed as basic infiltration rate.This is also emphasized by Horton (1940) where he asserts that infiltration becomes constan t with time as the soil column reaches fully saturated conditions which occurred at 40th and 49th minute time intervals in Banana and Maize Land use Systems as seen in appendix 1. Rubin and Steinhardt (1963) also showed that the final infiltration rate reached under these conditions is equal to the vertical hydraulic conductivity of a saturated soil. 8 The steady state in Maize was attained earlier than in banana land use corresponding to 204mm/hr and 450mm/hr respectively.This can be associated to soil disturbances during ploughing and land preparation season after season for annual crops like maize compared to banana field (Perennial) which have less soil disturbances. The scenario under maize land use may lead to soil compaction as a result of continuous cultivation. This is emphasized by Pitt et al. , 2002 and 2008; Pitt et al. , (1999b) who found substantial reductions in infiltration rates due to soil compaction. The implication is that beyond the steady point (saturation poin t), if more water is applied to the soil, it results into surface water runoff.Infiltration depends upon physical and hydraulic properties of the soil moisture content, previous wetting history, structural changes in the layers and air entrapment. The basic infiltration rate of maize land use is lower than that of Banana land use system as seen in Appendix 1; this can be associated to a number of factors although not conclusive for the attained results; 1. The Initial moisture content; the study was carried out in a rainy season, therefore for saturated soils, the infiltration falls to the aturated hydraulic conductivity almost instantaneously. 2. Considering the type of land use in each of the sites; Soils under Perennials (Banana Land use) are subjected to less interferences in terms of land preparations compared to land under annuals (Maize Land use) which correlates with the obtained results of 450mm/hr and 204mm/hr respectively 3. The surrounding of the site; the Maize field is on a lower elevation and near a trench which collects water, therefore itââ¬â¢s possible that the soils could easily reach saturation 9 Infiltration rate mm/hr 000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Infiltration rate,mm/hr infiltration rate mm/hr Time(minutes) Figure 1: Infiltration Curve of Banana field Cummulative infiltration cummulative infiltration,mm 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cummulative infiltration Time,hrs Figure 2: Cumulative Infiltration of Banana Field In Banana land use, Infiltration was recorded at time intervals of 1, 5 and 10 minutes and in Maize land use it was at 3, 6 and 10 minutes time intervals (Appendix 1) 10Infiltration rate/hr 800 Infiltration rate mm/hr 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Infiltration rate/hr Time,hrs Figure 3: Infiltration curve of Maize Field Cummulative infiltration Cummulative infiltration,mm 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cummu lative infiltration Time,hrs Figure 4: Cumulative infiltration of Maize Field 11 Table 2 below compares the infiltration rates of two sites, classified according to the texture of the soil profiles in Banana and Maize land use systems.In each set of measurements, the infiltration rate of the Banana field belonging to the sandy clay loam was much higher than Maize field belonging to clay loam because of the variation in the physical properties of the two textural classes. In the banana field, basic infiltration rate was attained at 450mm/hr which is higher than that of maize field, 204mm/hr and this explains the relationship between soil texture, structure and infiltration which was obtained in our results where the Banana field with sandy clay loams having larger pores allowed in more water to infiltrate compared to clay loam with relatively smaller pores.From our results, The banana field reached saturation earlier (40th minute) than the Maize field (49th minute) which deviates fro m the assumption that the field at lower elevation reaches saturation earlier than the other on the higher elevation, and this case the maize field was on a lower elevation. As it is not possible to vary soil texture independently of other characteristics it is not inferred that the infiltration rates are caused by texture.Table 2 Summary of the soil texture report from the test sites Sample Percentage % Sand Banana Field Maize Field 50 40 Silt 26 26 Clay 24 34 Sand clay loam Clay loam Textural Class 12 4. 0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Generally from the findings, the two sites registered high basic infiltration rates with banana and maize land use having 405mm/hr and 204mm/hr respectively. The two sites as well reached saturation easily because of the amount of water that was held within the soil because of the rainy season.Several factors influenced the test; measuring rapidly changing water levels was difficult especially for one minute time intervals and therefore subject to i naccuracy and the local site features, challenges in elevation and the soils being too soft which kept altering the position of the ruler and varying the depth thus may have affected individual test results. Therefore the study required more data collection and time to be able to sample many sites at different time intervals. For this study, tests were conducted during a rainy period in December, 2012, where the water table was expected to be above most soil layers.However, Infiltration is a key parameter in Watershed management therefore Properly designed and constructed infiltration facilities can be one of the most effective flow control (and water quality treatment) , and should be encouraged where conditions are appropriate (Ecology, 2005). Additionally infiltration separates water into two major components surface runoff and subsurface recharge, therefore assessment and Evaluation of runoff risk has assumed an increased importance because of concerns about associated pollution hazards in which pollutants are likely to be transferred from soil to rivers and lakes.The speed of irrigation of fields is based on infiltration tests and data; in surface irrigation, infiltration changes dramatically throughout the irrigation season. The water movements alter the surface structure and geometry which in turn affect infiltration rates; therefore accurate determination of infiltration rates is essential for reliable prediction of surface runoff. As environmental impact assessments are concerned with long-term effects, it is essential that the 13 infiltration data on which they are based should be reasonably stable. For planning purposes it is essential to know the stability of infiltration data. 4 5. 0 REFERENCES American Society for Testing and Materials, 1994, Standard test method for infiltration rate of soils in field using double-ring infiltrometer: ASTM Publication D-3385-94, 7 p. Bouyoucos, G. J. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analy sis of soils. Agron. J. 54:464-465. Ecology (2005) Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington; Olympia, WA. Washington State Department of Ecology Water Quality Program. Publication Numbers 05-10-029 through 05-10-033. http://www. ecy. wa. gov/pubs/0510029. pdf Gregory, J. H. , Dukes, M. D. , Miller, G. L. , and Jones P.H. (2005) Analysis of double-ring infiltration techniques and development of a simple automatic water delivery system. Applied Turfgrass Science. Haghighi. F. , & Gorjiz, M. & Shorafa M. (2010). Effects of Land Use Change on Important Soil Properties. Land Degrad. Develop. 21, 496ââ¬â502. Horton, R. E. , 1940, An approach towards a physical interpretation of infiltration capacity: Soils Science Society of America Proceedings, v. 5, p. 399-417. Osuji, G. E,Okon M. A; Chukwuma and Nwaire (2010): Infiltration characteristics of soils under selected landuse practices in Oweri, Southern Nigeria.World journal of Agricultural Sciences 6(3): 322 ââ¬â 326 Pit t, R. ; J. Lantrip; R. Harrison; C. Henry, and D. Hue (1999b) Infiltration through Disturbed Urban Soils and Compost-Amended Soil Effects on Runoff Quality and Quantity; EPA 600-R-00-016. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Risk Management Research Laboratory. Office of Research and Development. Cincinnati, OH: 231 pp. Pitt, R; Chen, S. -E; Clark, S. E (2002) Compacted Urban Soils Effects on Infiltration and Bioretention Stormwater Control Designs; Proc. , 9th Int. Conf. on Urban Drainage (9ICUD).Portland, Oregon. Pitt, R; Chen, S-E; Clark, S; Swenson, J. , and Ong, C. K (2008) Compactionââ¬â¢s Impacts on Urban Storm-Water Infiltration; J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg. , 134(5), 652-658. Rubin, J. , and Steinhardt, R. , 1963, Soils water relations during rain infiltration; Part Iââ¬âTheory: Soils Science Society of America Proceedings, v. 27, p. 246-251 Saxton, K. E. , W. L. Rawls, J. S. Rosenberger and R. I Papendick, 1986. Estimating generalized soil water characteri stics from texture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , 50: 1031-1036 15 Schwartz, R. C. , Unger, P. W. Evett S. R. , 2000. ââ¬Å"Land use effects on soil hydraulicproperties. â⬠Suresh, D. (2008). Land and Water Management Principles: New Delhi, Shansi Publishers Taylor, M. , M. Mulholland and D. Thornburrow,2009. Infiltration Characteristics of Soils Under forestry and Agriculture in the Upper Waikato Catchment. Report: TR/18 http:// www. ew. govt. nz/publications/ Technical-Reports/ TR-200918/ Zhou, X. , Lin, H. S. , White, E. A. , 2008. ââ¬Å"Surface soil hydraulic properties in four soil series under different land uses and their temporal changes. â⬠Catena. 73, 180-188. 16APPENDIX Appendix 1: Data sheet for Infiltration for Banana and Maize Fields Banana Field Time Reading clock on difference, Cumulative min time, min Infiltration Water Level, Infiltration, Infiltratio rate cm cm n, mm mm/min Infiltration rate mm/hr Cumulative infiltration, mm 12:32 12:33 12:34 12:35 12:36 1 2:37 12:42 12:47 12:52 12:57 13:02 13:07 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 10 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 12. 0 13. 5 13. 8 14. 0 14. 3 9. 4 12. 8 11. 0 12. 0 12. 7 9. 8 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 15. 0 17. 0 17. 3 17. 3 17. 5 3. 0 1. 5 1. 2 1. 0 0. 7 5. 6 2. 2 4. 0 5. 0 4. 6 7. 5 17 30 15 12 10 7 56 22 40 50 46 75 Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-63143422030661528372020-01-03T15:01:00.001-08:002020-01-03T15:01:03.480-08:00Taking a Look at Global Warming - 754 Words Letââ¬â¢s first look at why global warming has even occurred. Energy technologies and civilization have developed side by side ever since the Lower Paleolithic era. For millenniums, humans have been searching for energy sources to fuel their lives. It was about one million years ago when humans first figured out how to control and use fire (Miller). Now, people rely on fossil fuels ââ¬â mainly coal and oil ââ¬â to supply our energy. What affect does coil and oil play on global warming? The combustion of these fuels ââ¬â mainly from automobiles and power plants ââ¬âhighly alters a process known as the greenhouse effect. Similar to that of a greenhouse, solar energy enters through Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere and is either reflected by clouds, snow and ice, or absorbed by water, land, buildings and other objects. As they do so, certain atmospheric gases ââ¬â greenhouse gases ââ¬â reradiate this heat again and again, keeping our planet warm enough to make life possible. However, the burning of fossil fuels release multiple of these greenhouse gases; with one in particular being the most important and abundant gas, carbon dioxide (CO2). The more greenhouse gases Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere contains, the more heat it traps. This means rising average global surface temperature, or global warming. Whatââ¬â¢s the big deal? According to Matt Doeden, ââ¬Å"Earthââ¬â¢s temperature has risen only by an average of about 1.4à °F (0.8à °C) over the past one hundred years.â⬠Though this change seems like such a small amount, manyShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Global Warming1562 Words à |à 6 PagesIs global warming being accelerated as a result of human interaction? This question has been asked over and over again since global warming was first noticed and brought to our attention. Multiple claims have been made that this anomaly is caused by human interference with the planet. There are also those that strongly deny the se accusations. 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Global warming is a serious issue faced by our world as there has been a significant increase in temperature Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-75606894316512307412019-12-26T11:28:00.001-08:002019-12-26T11:28:03.774-08:00Nietzsche and Gandhi, Society - 1414 Words Friedrich Nietzsche and Mahatma Gandhi, two mammoth political figures of their time, attack the current trend of society. Their individual philosophies and concepts suggest a fundamental problem: if civilization is so diseased, can we overcome this state of society and the sickness that plagues the minds of the masses in order to advance? Gandhi and Nietzsche attain to answer the same proposition of sickness within civilization, and although the topic of unrest among both may be dissimilar, they have parallel means of finding a cure to such an illness as the one that plagues society. Nietzscheââ¬â¢s vision of spiritual health correlates directly with Gandhiââ¬â¢s image of industrialism and the self-sufficiency. This correlation prevails byâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This situation exemplifies everything that Gandhi was attempting to convey about the over indulgence of man as aided by doctors. Because of the doctoral profession, Nietzsche states, ââ¬Å"my bodyâ⬠¦ fe lt more at ease; but my mind became weakenedâ⬠(Nietzsche 33). By weakening the minds of the public, doctors are directly contributing to the sickness of civilization. Nietzsche reveals slave and master morality as a paramount concept, conveying the power of the wealthy and prominent over the poor and downtrodden. Nietzsche states that ââ¬Å"In order to exist, slave morality always first needs a hostile external world; it needsâ⬠¦ external stimuli in order to act at all- its action is fundamentally reactionâ⬠(Nietzsche 37). The weak, passive, cowardly, and sick are reacting to the overbearing nature of the nobility. The lower, sickened class is insecure and unable to act because they know that they are weak. They have the fundamental drive in the universe, the will to power, yet they are unable to act, rather they can merely react to the harsh and unjust situations that external world is placing on them. They harbor a ressentiment towards the elite The cure of such a sickness in civilization would not come easily. Nietzscheââ¬â¢s treatment would be to capitalize on the will to power. Every person is driven by a force to overcome their oppression, and find the ââ¬Å"happiness in ââ¬Å"slight superiority,â⬠involvedShow MoreRelatedNietzsche versus Gandhi Essay1378 Words à |à 6 PagesFriedrich Nietzsche and Mahatma Gandhi, two mammoth political figures of their time, attack the current trend of society. 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Once these tended to focus on torture are dismemberment Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-84434207226118534842019-12-18T07:17:00.001-08:002019-12-18T07:17:03.378-08:00Essay On Serial Keys - 1320 Words Find Product/Serial Keys for your Favorite Games Software Product Keys Serial Numbers Product/serial keys are unique, alphanumeric codes of any length which are required by software programs and games during installation. Sometimes, theyââ¬â¢re also referred to as key codes, software keys, CD keys, licenses, installation keys, or product codes. A serial key enables software manufacturers and game developers to ensure each copy of the game/software was legally purchased. Most games and software, including various operating systems and games from popular developers, require product keys. If you come across a certain program/game that requires payment to use it, then itââ¬â¢s likely to prompt for a product key when installing it. Besidesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦You might also be forced to stay on hold with the programââ¬â¢s customer service for very long. In another possible case, you might come across a message informing you that the programââ¬â¢s trial period has expired. Youââ¬â¢ll subsequently be prompted to register/pay a certain amount to continue using it. In such instances, most users tend to pursue cracked versions of the program theyââ¬â¢re using or seek a serial number/product key for the same. Another common practice among others is making use of timer-lock software or key-gens to evade such scenarios. The chances are that youââ¬â¢d ââ¬ËGoogleââ¬â¢ in an attempt to find the code or crack you need. But, making use of Google is rarely effective in such cases. Thankfully, you need not repurchase the software/game. Instead, you can just find the key you had used when the program/game was first installed. In most cases, the unique key entered for an OS or a software application is stored in Windows (or right in the Windows Registry). However, it can be quite difficult to find a particular key, especially if youââ¬â¢re doing it on your own. Making Use of Serial/Product Key Finders and Crack/Hack Generators A key finder/search engine application is a special type of software tool. Itââ¬â¢s undoubtedly the best and simplest way to go in case youââ¬â¢ve lost or misplaced a serial key for a particular program. Before, most product key and crack finder programs wereShow MoreRelatedThe Psychology of Serial Killers Today Essay1122 Words à |à 5 Pagesindividual. 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Skill acquisition is a gradual developmental process that requires our cognitive (thinking) processes to work with our physical abilities to learn how to perform movements that we were previously unfamiliar with. For performers and coaches to produce peak performance Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-63031948422293117302019-12-10T03:59:00.001-08:002019-12-10T03:59:05.132-08:00Problems Of Quality Of Education In China - Myassignmenthelp.Com Question: Discuss about the Problems Of Quality Of Education In China. Answer: Introduction The reason behind choosing this topic Education for all: The problem of quality of education in China' is because education policies in China have been among the most discussed issues since annual sessions of National People's Congress (NPC) and Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Congress (CPPCC) which took place in March 2010. However, it was also observed in China that just before this annual session, the first draft from the Ministry of Education consisting of the middle as well as long-term educational reforms and development plan was released so that public can give their feedback (Thomas Postlethwaite, 2014). The guidelines were finalised and the draft was discharged in that very year which holds a number of strategies for the betterment of the education industry in China in the upcoming 10years. This topic is a valid area for investigation because though China has developed as one of the most impactful economies in the world but little has been known reg arding their education system or how their students get to learn (Helms, 2015). Therefore, this essay can help in highlighting the mechanism that China utilizes to regulate their education for all. Thus, the aim of this essay is to review the literature of the education system in China, and further investigate if there is any issue related to the quality of education there. Education system in China China consists of a huge education system in comparison with other countries. As estimated by National Bureau of statistics of China (2014) which says that there are around 260 million students as well as well more than 15 million teachers in almost 514000 schools, eliminating the graduate education institutions makes China's education system to be vast and diversified (Lai et al., 2014). In China, as observed by Zhao (2014), that the education is said to be mainly regulated by the state, which has very little participation of private, contributors in the school sectors and are progressively decentralized. It further stated that government of China has the main responsibility for managing as well as delivering school education to its citizens. In recent times, it has been found that the Education Ministry in China has switched from the direct control towards the macro-level supervision of the education system. However, as per the National Centre for Education Development Research, th e Education Ministry of China guides the improvement in education through laws, plans, allocation of budgets, information services, policy enlightenment and means of education. Moreover, as listed by Chen (2014), there are various types of educations which are imparted at different stages of the study to children as well as adults and they are preschool education, primary education, secondary education, higher education, vocational education, adult education and special education. Apart from the educational facilities, the schools in China also provide a training program, which includes training in languages, professional certificate training, early childhood educational training as well as special educations for international students. As stated by Li Ranieri (2013), that maximum of the students in China is found to spend almost six years in the primary school, which is followed by three to four years of secondary education. Thus, for all people residing in China, it is compulsory to attain nine years of education. Moreover, as soon as the students complete their compulsory education there is a chance that they can choose whether they want to pursue senior secondary education, which takes around 3years. In contradiction to this, in recent times it has also been observed by Yi et al., (2013), that China has made important moves in order to broaden the participation of their students in the senior secondary school of vocation so that China can effectively meet their fast-growing economic as well as needs of labour. Teichler, Arimoto Cummings (2013), has also said that not only compulsory primary and secondary education but also tertiary education systems in China has become more diversified in this 21st century. This tertiary education programs, however, guides the Chinese students to get themselves enrolled in the professional programs of higher education that usually takes three years to complete. Problems regarding quality of education system in China Being a country where education is for all is not at all easy. As Bolton Graddol (2012), says that China has been facing several challenges like the schools need to switch to English in order to keep up with their students of Hong Kong's economic competitiveness and so their students need to get bilingual or trilingual. Thus, to meet this policy in China their schools have to take the extra burden of resources, which has resulted from shifting towards English. According to Cao et al., (2014), China is facing severe land shortage issue for which they are unable to provide an adequate place for tertiary institutions who want to develop themselves in the private universities. On the contradiction, Chung Mason (2012), has argued that though the education system in China has modernized itself still there are areas which are so remote that their students are still having difficulty in entering school. Therefore, here the local, as well as national government, needs to provide more opport unities so that the children from those areas can also afford to school. China is rapidly developing economically as well as socially for which the demand for higher education and better quality of education is also increasing than ever. Thus, Fang (2012), has said that another major problem of China can be the need for enrollment all of their students in higher quality education. Duffy, Douglass Autin (2015), argued that apart from all these another issue will be related to the post-graduation employment because after completing graduation due to economic and social development in China the general people will have a demand of higher living standards which is another problem which the government needs to take care. Therefore, for this, the Chinese government needs to provide appropriate employment to the graduates so that they can earn enough to afford a high standard living. However, education to all not only mean that education is accessible to all but rather it means that every child should get equal as well as quality education. Therefore, equal acc ess to education to all is another important problem that China faces. Chen Feng (2013) has highlighted another issue, which is upon their equal accesses of education to the migrant children. He has further stated that due to a large number of internal migration in China another challenge is providing them an equal education. Educational policies in China Chen (2014), stated that initially it was found that education in China was mainly restricted to few people like the workers, peasants and few selective others and was not open to all but after the new Communist government came in the forefront the education system improvised and was available for all. The policies that China followed so that they can make education accessible to all, they simplified their characters so that their people can rapidly learn them. Moreover, China started training their people with those skills that they use overall to grow. They further included basic medical training practices in their educational policies along with spreading the awareness of the disadvantages of foot binding and female infanticides in the remotest areas where these practices are continuing. Scott (2013), has discussed educational reform policy in China which was adopted by the Chinese government that included all stages of the educational system mainly focuses to narrow down the gap among China and other growing countries. Contradiction to the above data L (2014), has suggested that in Chinas educational policy is also their social policy. This is because the rapid development of China in the recent past has been also accompanied by a sequence of social as well as environmental issues. These issues are of unequal income, health care, housing as well as employment and an approach to the overall range of opportunities in educational systems is a key to an inclusive, impactful as well as socially just system. Lee (2012)has stated another effective policy that was taken by China government way back in 1979 is known as one child policy and their early education. This policy though old but have helped China in a much positive way in their economic growth until 2015. Settles et al., (2013), stated in contradiction to this statement that there are many parents in China who felt that their only child is being lonely and is getting deprived of valuable social interactions. Thus, from 2016 the two-child policy ca me in action. Key educational initiatives in China As stated by Li, Whalley Xing (2014), since 2009 onwards the central government of China was observed to have expended 198 billion on their educational sectors, which actually represented 4.5 percent of their overall central government expenditure for those very years. However, following that every year it has been observed that their budget further increased to 9 percent to 216 billion in the education system. As per Obukhova (2012), who has outlined that as the numbers of graduates are increasing every year that is why the Ministry of Education in China along with other governmental authorities are working together on different initiatives so that they can guide the graduates to find employment. A number of measures have already been implemented like the graduate internship schemes for which Chinas employment rate has increased by 17%. On the other hand, Salik et al., (2014), has also stated that not only the internship scheme has helped China to have tackled their employment issu e. However, they have also brought certain improvisations in their education system along with developing additional goals for their students like improving the quality of education that is being provided which helped them further at the primary level. The Government has further motivated the graduates to join their army or teach in the remote areas and they have further given the small companies loan incentives so that they get the motivation to hire graduates. Fang et al., (2012), states that another important initiative that the Chinese government took regarding their educational industry is that they also came forward to distribute education to all by actively improvising the quality of their education system in the rural areas. Therefore, China perceived education was for all and not limited to any one or two areas. To help students who reside in the most disadvantageous areas the government came up with distance education programs. Hansen Woronov (2013), stated that central government of China has further invested 10 billion Yuan so that they can build boarding schools in the rural areas. This money has supported over 22,000 primary as well as secondary schools to rebuilt, redecorate, extent as well as a construct which has hugely enhanced the conditions of schools in the remotest areas in western China. On the other hand, Hu (2012), has said that Chinese government has not only focused regarding the students of their own country but to provide education to all they have also adopted the principle so that they can impart compulsory education to the migrant students as well who have moved from the rural areas to the cities. Therefore, the local, as well as central government, has further accepted education and custody systems so that the rural children who are mainly "stay-at-home" can also avail compulsory education. Moreover, Kritzer (2012), said that since 2007 the number of special education schools has also increased as China has also focused on their initiative to enhance the minority and special education systems. As the statistics suggest that since 2007, there has been an increase of 67.11% every year in the special classes has been enrolled in the total number of special education schools. Along with this the statistics also reflect upon the fact that Chinese girls also have their access to the education system because as per statistics the net enrollment rates of the boys are 99.46% whereas girls are 9 9.52%. Therefore, Jones-Smith et al., (2012) have concluded that the gender differences in avail education are no more a barrier in China. Laws and other regulations concerning education system in China The Ministry of Education of Peoples Republic is an agency of State Council that observes educational policy throughout the country. There are 27 departments in education. At the county level, bureaus of education are in charge and policies set by the Ministry of Education are implemented by these bureaus. In China, Ministry of Education manages 32 educational organisations and promote various ranges of educational services. As stated by Zhao (2014), some of the regulatory bodies play significant roles in operating the educational system in China. The Chinese government has always assigned a high value for education. The Chinese government has always believed that education is the threshold of national development and modernisation. Equality of Education for All (EFA) can be reflected in China's adoption of reform and reveal the policy 40 years ago. Compulsory education has taken shape in China and it is impressive till now as they have made achievements in adult's literacy education also (Blanchard Giavazzi 2016). China government has taken initiative in vocational education and technical learning skills for the adult people, these types of education help the people to take steady progress in life and career. For children, pre-school education helps the children to have quality education as China government made nine-year compulsory education in the country. As mentioned by Hou et al., (2016), in 3200 counties, more than 98% of the total in China, nine-year compulsory education has been universalised. In addition, in the year 2016, there were more than 340,000 primary schools which enrolled more than 17,430,300 students. Between 2014 and 2017, the central government of China invested more than 12 billion Yuan for implementing of constructing schools, boarding schools in rural areas. Several schools and colleges have been reconstructed, extend and renovated and the government provides financial aiding for compulsory education. In most of the rural schools, the government provides free textbooks and government exempts fees from the students. In China, there are laws and regulations regarding education and they are seen as effective ways of monitoring and steering implementation of the complex and large system. Helms (2015) supported this by saying that Ministry of Education in China drafts the law and it has to pass through National People's Congress. Law on Compulsory Education first enacted in the year 1986 and it was a milestone for China. All school-age children who have Chinese nationality must attend to school and parents must take responsibility to enrol them in school. This law plays a comprehensive role in describing schools, teaching, teacher and legal responsibilities in educational sectors. In addition, according to Price (2017), Regulations on Qualifications of Teachers have been issued as Teachers Law and in this set of laws; it is clearly mentioned about teaching qualification, examinations prerequisite for the implementation of education. In last past two decades, massive reforms have been undertaken in o rder to improve the education system in China as this country has observed rapid economic growth and social transformation. Recommendation China outperformed other countries during the economic crisis and it optimised the country's progress. However, China needs to reform the education system as not a single university in the top list across the world is from China. Many of the multinational companies cannot find enough skills from China as skilled white-collar workers because China government is focusing to implement education for all sections. It can be recommended to improve the condition: Education funding The Chinese government has been spending a significant amount of money in education as it is their national priority. The funding of the government must be focussed to promote the education in remote, rural, minorities and poor sections. Primary education in rural areas is needed with vocation training and the government needs to focus on giving high-quality teachers to the schools and colleges. Educational funding is basic for government-aided schools and funding is needed to develop a comprehensive and public supervision system. 80% of the funding for education comes from the government. The government of China can build a department to check the performance appraisals of other state-level educational departments and resource allocations. Administrative departments should submit their budget for public scrutiny in order to make the system transparent. Teacher training and professional development An educational system may not succeed greatly on the merits of a few teachers who are mostly trained in research, patents and rewards in abroad. However, the great teachers are needed to improve the educational system. The government started a new policy that teachers must take 360 class hours in five years. National Teacher Training Programme is also needed to deliver the better teaching to all. The government needs to take initiative to send the faculties to rural areas that have professional development training. Training and professional development must be given to the teachers to ensure that it must meet the requirement. Financial aid for students In order to ensure compulsory education in the country, the government needs to provide financial aid to the children who are below the poverty line. The Chinese government has started to provide financial aid since 2006 and this exemption of the fees has provided benefits to more than 48 million poor students. The government needs to choose the students accurately to provide help to economically disadvantaged children. The government needs to grant loan for higher education so that children can endeavour for higher education. Basic education curriculum reform Basic education for all must focus on the all-round development of a student. The Ministry of Education should emphasis on intellectual, physical and moral development in order to cultivate disciplines, virtues and ideals. The basic education system needs to shift towards the all-around education to support the skill development through a holistic approach. The emphasis should be made on basic education as well as value development with retaining the skills to all-aged people. Conclusion It has been observed that education system in China has been well maintained. The government takes the educational policy seriously and there are wide ranges of laws and regulation governs the education system in China. In China, the government has taken the initiative of compulsory education for all under nine-years of age. In addition, the government has been facing the issue of migrant children as the government tries to focus on each of the children to access compulsory education. The electronic system has been implemented by the government to ensure the impartial enrolment to provide education for all. The education system can be improved through balancing development through groups, introducing education resources and improving teachers' skills and technology-based education. References Blanchard, O., Giavazzi, F. (2016). Rebalancing growth in China: A three-handed approach. Inseeking changes: The Economic Development in Contemporary China, 4(4), 49-84. Bolton, K., Graddol, D. (2012). English in China today.English Today,28(3), 3. comparative study. In The Changing Academic Profession(pp. 25-35). Springer Netherlands. Cao, S., Lv, Y., Zheng, H., Wang, X. (2014). Challenges facing China's unbalanced urbanization strategy.Land Use Policy,39, 412-415. Chen, T. H. E. (2014).Chinese education since 1949: Academic and revolutionary models. Elsevier. Chen, Y., Feng, S. (2013). Access to public schools and the education of migrant children in China.China Economic Review,26, 75-88. Chung, C., Mason, M. (2012). Why do primary school students drop out in poor, rural China? A portrait sketched in a remote mountain village.International Journal of Educational Development,32(4), 537-545. Duffy, R. D., Douglass, R. P., Autin, K. L. (2015). Career adaptability and academic satisfaction: Examining work volition and self efficacy as mediators.Journal of Vocational Behavior,90, 46-54. Fang, H., Eggleston, K. N., Rizzo, J. A., Rozelle, S., Zeckhauser, R. J. (2012).The returns to education in China: Evidence from the 1986 compulsory education law(No. w18189). National Bureau of Economic Research. Fang, W. (2012). The development of transnational higher education in China: A comparative study of research universities and teaching universities.Journal of Studies in International Education,16(1), 5-23. Hansen, M. H., Woronov, T. E. (2013). Demanding and resisting vocational education: A comparative study of schools in rural and urban China.Comparative Education,49(2), 242-259. Helms, R. (2015). Transnational education in China.International Higher Education, (53), 34-45. Helms, R. (2015). Transnational education in China.International Higher Education, (53). Hou, J., Michaud, C., Li, Z., Dong, Z., Sun, B., Zhang, J., ... Tao, L. (2014). Transformation of the education of health professionals in China: progress and challenges.The Lancet,384(45), 819-827. Hu, F. (2012). Migration, remittances, and children's high school attendance: The case of rural China.International Journal of Educational Development,32(3), 401-411. Jones-Smith, J. C., Gordon-Larsen, P., Siddiqi, A., Popkin, B. M. (2012). Emerging disparities in overweight by educational attainment in Chinese adults (19892006).International Journal of Obesity,36(6), 866-875. Kritzer, J. B. (2012). Comparing Special Education in the United States and China.International Journal of Special Education,27(2), 52-56. Lai, F., Liu, C., Luo, R., Zhang, L., Ma, X., Bai, Y., ... Rozelle, S. (2014). The education of China's migrant children: The missing link in China's education system.International Journal of Educational Development,37, 68-77. Lee, M. H. (2012). The one-child policy and gender equality in education in China: Evidence from household data.Journal of family and economic issues,33(1), 41-52. Li, S., Whalley, J., Xing, C. (2014). China's higher education expansion and unemployment of college graduates.China Economic Review,30, 567-582. Li, Y., Ranieri, M. (2013). Educational and social correlates of the digital divide for rural and urban children: A study on primary school students in a provincial city of China.Computers Education,60(1), 197-209. L, X. (2014). Social policy and regime legitimacy: The effects of education reform in China.American Political Science Review,108(2), 423-437. Obukhova, E. (2012). Motivation vs. relevance: Using strong ties to find a job in Urban China.Social Science Research,41(3), 570-580. Price, R. F. (2017).Education in communist China(Vol. 8). Abingdon: Routledge. Salik, M., Zhiyong, Z., Guoyuan, S., Jiayong, L. (2014). Making People Employable: Reforming Higher Education in China.Academic Research International,5(2), 277. Scott, A. (Ed.). (2013).The limits of globalization. Abingdon: Routledge. Teichler, U., Arimoto, A., Cummings, W. K. (2013). The design and methods of the comparative study. InThe Changing Academic Profession(pp. 25-35). Springer Netherlands. Thomas, R. M., Postlethwaite, T. N. (Eds.). (2014).Schooling in East Asia, Forces of Change: Formal and Nonformal Education in Japan, The Republic of China, the Peoples Republic of China, South Korea, North Korea, Hong Kong, and Macau. Elsevier. Yi, H., Zhang, L., Liu, C., Chu, J., Loyalka, P., Maani, M., Wei, J. (2013). How are secondary vocational schools in China measuring up to government benchmarks?.China World Economy,21(3), 98-120. Zhao, Y. (2014).Who's afraid of the big bad dragon?: Why China has the best (and worst) education system in the world. New York: John Wiley Sons. Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-37829347865260780452019-12-02T15:41:00.001-08:002019-12-02T15:41:04.002-08:00Surrogate Advertising Essay ExampleSurrogate Advertising Essay Surrogate Advertising-Enforced Innovation: An inside-out overview of Indian Liquor and Tobacco industry Presented by: SUBHABRATA BANERJEE MBA ââ¬â DAY INDIAN INSTITUE OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND BUSINESS MANAGEMNT ROLL NO: 107/MBA/080004 REGN NO: 19779 of 2001-2002 Acknowledgement I deem it a privilege and pleasure in submitting the dissertation paper ââ¬Å"Surrogate Advertising-Enforced Innovation : An inside-out overview of Indian Liquor and Tobacco industryâ⬠which is in partial fulfillment of the requirements of MBA program of Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, Kolkata. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and profound thanks to Dr. S. N Roy (Head of the Department, MBA (Day), Dr. Tanima Roy (Faculty, MBA (Day)) and Dr. Archana Sharma (Faculty,MBA(Day)) for their guidance, co-operation and valuable feedback extended to me to complete the dissertation paper. I also would extend my gratitude towards Mr Shubhadeep Nag(Brand partner, rediffusion D Y R), Mr Kaustuv Bhadra (Vice-president and Branch-head, Mudra communications,kolkata) and Mr Sudarshan Banerjee (Vice-president and branch-head, Genesis Advertising, Mumbai) for their valuable suggestions which enriched this study. Besides this, I would also like to place on record my thanks towards the number of people that I met during the course of research study. Due to constraints of space, it would not be possible to name all of them. Date SUBHABRATA BANERJEE ABSTRACT We live in a complex world where we respond in extreme ways to what we view as extreme pressures. The ethical debate rages around surrogate mothers. Yet it is difficult to deny they perform a great service for those who use them. We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogate Advertising specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogate Advertising specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Surrogate Advertising specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Closer home, surrogate advertising has been around ever since someone decided that certain things were probably not good in the interests of the community at large. It is really difficult to express an opinion, leave alone pass judgment on matters that are personal. There is also the question of personal rights and many of them are happily enshrined in Constitutions of progressive nations the world over. Who is anyone to decide whether I can sip my daily quota of what started off as eau de vie, or the water of life and then rapidly transformed itself into its present day avatar, Scotch? People have spent years perfecting a heavenly blend of spirits, and imparted to it the smoky flavour that could come only from the peat of Scotland and the pristine Highland water. Several others have made methode champenoise into a fine art and have succeeded in bottling the very soul of France in green bottles that, when uncorked, seem to scream celebration. Who has the right to decide if I can deeply inhale the rich aroma and full-bodied flavour of carefully rolled Virginia tobacco? Every time I nonchalantly put one of those sticks to my lips I feel I have mounted a wild mustang and I am riding down the lonely mountain trails of Colorado. Forget the hype. Forget the imagery we have all grown up with. The Government has the right, invested in it by you, to decide whether you will get transported to the chalky fields of Champagne or the misty heights of Scotland, or for that matter the Wild West. And the Government in its wisdom has decided that advertising for tobacco and liquor is a big no-no. So does that mean you lose the right to tipple or smoke? Certainly not. The wisdom of the Government extends only to banning the advertising of tobacco or liquor. Not to the manufacture or marketing of these supposedly deadly substances. It is legal to manufacture liquor and cigarettes or bidis. It is legal to sell cigarettes at every roadside stall, even to unsuspecting children. It is illegal to advertise it. And that is precisely why you have to live with surrogate advertising. The literal meaning of ââ¬ËSurrogate advertising is copying the brand image of one product to promote another product of the same brand. It can be defined as the strategy used by manufacturers and advertisers to promote a product surreptitiously, the advertisement of which is banned by the law of the land. In this study, I have tried to found out the impact of Surrogate Advertising not only on the brand-recall but also on the consumer psychological traits which affect our daily lives. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The basic objective of this study is not only to understand the loopholes of the acts or measure the effect of surrogate advertising on brand recall, but to gain an inside-out overview of how effective surrogate advertisings are in Indian scenario as far as tobacco and liquor industry in concerned. METHODOLOGY The understanding of the subject took not only secondary research or help of books, white papers and journals, but also for the better understanding, primary research had been conducted to get the first-hand understanding of the consumers. Questionnaires were made as qualitative as possible so that every respondent enjoys the space of expressing his or her own opinion. Those opinions were then mapped on a Brand-performance matrix, being precise, a brand-scorecard which allowed the comparison between the original brand and the surrogate brand. To conclude, expert opinion is also taken from nearly 10 senior people in advertising and media, as they have seen the makeover and had been a part of it Surrogate Advertising: Enforced Innovation Recent series of hoardings led me to delve into a very unique trend specific to Indian advertising ââ¬â Surrogate advertisingâ⬠¦ a trend which is fast catching up and has suddenly attracted a lot of innovative and creative brains around the country. Reason? On one hand, the government cannot allow public advertising of liquor companies. But ironically, liquor and cigarette sales are the biggest revenue generators in terms of taxes and duties on these items. Thatââ¬â¢s why an overt acceptance of the marketing in these sectors is not legally acceptable. This has led to one of the biggest ironies of the country ââ¬â Sales of these items are not banned, yet advertising on the same has strictly been prohibited! Talking about the market size and the different segments would not be pertinent to the discussion (for the records, it is more than 100 million cases in India! ). But what is the significance of this trend vis-a-vis the entry points for new players and sustainability of existing ones? Multinationals which would like to explore the Indian markets find the double-faced attitude of the government as an impediment to their ventures. Since no policy has been formalized in this regard, foreign companies continue to be sceptical about their entry. Domestically, it has led to innovative ways and methods of spending on different media for Advertising from the companies, where companies do more of a brand building exercise than direct advertising. Be it promotions for brand building, or sponsoring events that can be mapped with the ââ¬Å"showbizâ⬠and ââ¬Å"glamourâ⬠of the brand, advertisers donââ¬â¢t leave many avenues to enhance their visibility. The rule says, ââ¬Å"Advertisements which lead to sale, consumption and promotion of liquor should not be allowed. â⬠So, in Surrogate Marketing, a product which is different from the main product is advertised, and has the same brand name as the main product. The product is called as ââ¬Å"surrogateâ⬠and advertising through this channel is called ââ¬Å"Surrogate Advertisingâ⬠! It may include CDs, water, clothing, Apple juice, fashion accessories, sports goods or even events sponsoring! These gimmicks, in turn, help the consumers build a strong equity of the parent brand, and with the enhanced visibility, the equity of the brand would definitely become higher! Liquor companies were forced to look at innovative ways of building their brands. With an objective of enhancing brand recall, companies either engage into ââ¬Å"surrogate advertisingâ⬠or displaying ââ¬Å"socially responsible messagesâ⬠. Again, out of the two viable options for Advertising, Surrogate Advertising has been surrounded by controversies and legalities for a long time. There is no clear policy from the government for obvious reasons and companies do not want to risk their investments on Ads, which might not be screened after a while. So, a safer choice available where companies can exercise their grey cells is advertising ââ¬Å"socially responsibleâ⬠messages. Origin of Surrogate Advertising As a reaction to the directive of Government, the liquor tobacco majors sought other ways of endorsing their products. They have found an alternative path of advertising through which they can keep on reminding their liquor brands to their customers. They have introduced various other products with the same brand name. Launching new products with common brand name is known as brand extension, which can be carried out for related products (e. g. : Tata Salt and Tata Tea) or unrelated products (e. g. : Tata Tea and Tata Indica). Prima facie, there is nothing wrong with brand extension. The problem occurs when brand extension is carried out in response to the ban on advertisement of one product category. In this case, the companies launch other products with the same brand name for the purpose of reminding their old customers. Heavy advertising is done so that the customers do not forget their liquor tobacco brands, for which advertisements are banned. The advertisements for such new products are placed under the category of Surrogate Advertisements. Their only objective is to compensate the losses arising out of the ban on advertisements of one particular product (i. e. liquor). According to dictionary surrogate means substitute. Many of us have come across this word in connection with surrogate motherhood. This time it has come in a new avatar Surrogate Advertisement. This is a loophole challenging the Governments action. However, the companies can claim that the order is being implemented and advertisements of liquor are banned, but the objective of the Government behind imposing the ban is not fulfilled. Its a new weapon of Proxy War. Literally surrogate advertisement means duplicating the brand image of one product extensively to promote another product of the same brand. The ban: Cable TV Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995, (CTNRA), Rule 7(2)(viii)(A) of the Advertising Code states that no advertisement shall be permitted which promotes, directly or indirectly, the production, sale or consumption of cigarette, tobacco products, wine, alcohol, liquor or other intoxicants. SURROGATE ADVERTISEMENTS PROMOTED BY LIQUOR AND TOBACCO INDUSTRY The liquor industry is a prominent player in this game. Few surrogate advertisements shown in print, electronic and outdoor media are Bagpiper soda and cassettes CDs, Haywardââ¬â¢s soda, Derby special soda, Gilbey green aqua, Royal Challenge golf accessories and mineral water, Kingfisher mineral water, White Mischief holidays, Smirnoff cassettes CDs, Imperial Blue cassettes CDs, Teachers achievement awards etc. These products bear exactly the same brand name and logo, which we had seen earlier in liquor advertisements. It was little surprising to know that liquor giants like McDowells and Seagrams have entered into new segments like cassettes CDs, mineral water, sports accessories etc. Later it was found that the basic aim of these surrogate advertisements was to promote their liquor brands like beer, wine, vodka etc. This brand extension is an act of bypassing the advertisement ban. A similar trend is followed by companies making Cigarettes, Paan Masala and Gutkha. Few examples of surrogate advertisements in this category are Red White bravery awards, Wills lifestyle, Four Square white water rafting, Manikchand awards etc. Though a ban has been imposed on advertisements endorsing tobacco products, this industry has resorted to surrogate advertising a few years ago. The Health Ministry has recently implemented the tobacco control legislation which will imply a complete ban on advertisements and all direct indirect promotional campaigns for tobacco products. In 2001, Indian Tobacco Company (ITC) had voluntary withdrawn the Wills Sports sponsorship of the Indian cricket team when the Government had first proposed a ban on advertising through legislation. THE CORPORATE STANDPOINT The industry segment has its own standpoint in defence. The liquor lobby claims that everything is in accordance to the Government regulations. If a brand has equity, why shouldnt it be allowed to advertise? Also, brand extension is an industry practice adopted by different product categories, comments Alok Gupta of UB group. When we advertise our products, we follow all the guidelines, declares president, sales marketing, Radico Khaitan. They clarify that they have stopped showing liquor advertisements and they are free to use the brand name for any other products. Even the Confederation of Indian Alcoholic Beverages Companies (CIABC) advertising code maintains that advertisement of products (real brand extensions) by the liquor industry must be allowed. From a laymans point of view, their claims seem to be justified. But this is a clear example of taking advantage of the loopholes. There is a point to ponder. When they have stopped showing liquor advertisements, why the same brand name and logo is used to promote products like cassettes CDs or mineral water? They could have assigned different brand names. It seems they have a hidden agenda of highlighting the liquor or tobacco brand. A similar tussle over the issue of surrogate advertisements in politics was raised in April 2004 on the eve of Lok Sabha elections. Complaints of slanderous and offensive advertisements were raised by two major political parties BJP and Congress against each other. The issue became so serious that the Supreme Court had to interfere in this affair. Finally on 13 April 2004, the Court gave a verdict to curb smear advertisements on electronic media. By appointing Election Commission as referee, the court has tried to put an end to surrogate advertising in politics. According to the Cable Act under the ministry of information and broadcasting,- no broadcaster is permitted to show an advertisement which promotes directly or indirectly, sale or consumption of cigarettes, tobacco products, wine, alcohol, liquor or other intoxicantsâ⬠¦ Now a new clause has been added under the act stating that any advertisement for a product that uses a brand name which is also used for cigarette, tobacco product, wine, alcohol, liquor or any other intoxicant will not be permitted. Finally, in April 2005, the ministry resorted to a ban on surrogate advertisements of liquor and tobacco products on television. After this directive, the surrogate advertisements are seldom shown on television. Now the companies will have to reframe their policies. But who will take care of print and outdoor media is not certain. According to ASCI (Advertising Standards Council of India), surrogate advertisements are harmful. Now it will be up to the ASCI to take up the matter with the respective companies. . [pic] Tobacco Advertising and Promotional Activities: The Global Scenario Tobacco advertising boosts consumption. A report prepared with the co-operation of the tobacco industry concludes advertising was found to have a statistically significant impact on industry sales. The tobacco industry commented that a recent rise in tobacco consumption in Greece was basically due to advertising. In 1988, Philip Morris paid US$350,000 so that their brand of cigarettes would be shown in a new James Bond movie Licensed to Kill. In 1979, Philip Morris paid US$42,500 to have its Marlboro cigarette appear in the movie Superman II while in 1983, another cigarette manufacturer, Liggett, paid US$30,000 to have its cigarettes appear in the movie, Super girl. These are movies with major child and adolescent audiences. Children smoke the most heavily advertised brands of cigarettes. Tobacco sponsorship of sport acts as cigarette advertising to children. The children who watch the sporting events on television readily recognize those cigarette brands which sponsored the event. Within six years of the tobacco companies introduction of feminine cigarettes and accompanying advertisement, the number of girls smoking increased by 110 per cent. The tobacco industry constitutes of the largest advertisers in the world. In 1996, Philip Morris, the worlds largest multinational cigarette company, spent $ 3. billion advertising its tobacco and food products, while the British American Tobacco spent $459 million on advertising its cigarettes alone. Tobacco Advertising in India Tobacco advertising contributes Rs. 300-400 crore to the Rs. 8000 crore-strong Indian advertising industry. With an increase in the number of tobacco advertisements, manufacturers of Gutkha and other tobacco products have raised their advertising budgets . The following table indicates the astronomical figures cigarette companies spent annually on advertising their brands against the proven health and social problems that they raise: Cigarette Brand Advertising Expenditure In India | |Gold Flake |Rs. 50 crore | |555 |Rs. 10 crore | |BH |Rs. 10 crore | | Other ITC brands |Rs. 40 crore | Forms of Tobacco Advertising in Indias Direct Advertising Newspapers and Magazines There is no net figure available on the expenditure incurred by cigarette and Gutkha companies on advertising. Of late, cigarette companies have started sponsoring the sports page of different newspapers. This trend was started in the wake of the proposed ban on tobacco sponsorship of sports events. Except for magazines on health-related issues, few newspapers or magazines have any policy prohibiting advertisement of tobacco products. There have been reports of Gutkha advertisements on the cover pages of school notebooks from Nagpur District in Maharashtra. Outdoor Advertising International and domestic cigarette brands compete with each other in billboard advertising while oral tobacco brands resort to transport vehicles. Point of sale advertising flourishes adjacent to schools and colleges as also in restaurants and kiosks. Promotional Activities Sponsorship of Sports and Cultural Events The Nineties witnessed tobacco companies fighting for sponsorship rights of various sports and cultural events. Subsequently, the Indian cricket team came to be sponsored by Wills, the flagship brand of ITC until its withdrawal in March 2001. For every test match that India played, Wills (ITC) doled out Rs. 33 lakh; for every one-day match, it paid Rs. 32 lakh. The major tennis tournaments, Gold flake open, in the country were sponsored by Gold Flake whereas boat racing was sponsored by Four Square cigarette. On the cultural front, Manikchand, manufacturers of Gutkha, patronizes the Film fare Awards in the country. Ironically, the national bravery award recognizing heroes for courage, adventure and spontaneous physical action is sponsored by Red and White cigarettes, Red White Bravery Awards, capitalizing on the positive image and the good will the event fetches. In several parts of India, major state festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi and Navratri have come to be celebrated with great fanfare at the behest of Gutkha companies. Surrogate Advertising on Television Gutkha companies like Simla, Goa 1000 and Pan Parag skirt the ban on tobacco advertising in Television channels by resorting to surrogate advertising in the name of pan masala bearing the same brand name. Cigarette companies resort to tobacco sponsored cultural events like the Red White Bravery Awards Contests The Wills Made for Each Other campaign of the Eighties with lucrative offers, including a holiday abroad, had courted much controversy over glamorizing and minimizing the dangers of smoking filter cigarettes. In December 1999, Four Square of Godfrey Philips India, an affiliate of Philip Morris Inc. ran the Gold in Gold Contest offering gold gift options, on the stipulation that entrants in the contest, besides being tobacco users, were to collect 4 inserts from Four Square Gold Cigarette packs. There was the Charminar Challenge as well. Product Placement in Movies Several leading filmmakers and popular film stars have indirectly promoted cigarette brands by consciously placing cigarette packs or brand names/ logos in movie scenes as was observed in movies like God Mother, Tere Mere Sapne, Chasme Baddur and Katha. Free Sampling Earlier, this tactic of initiating the young into tobacco was restricted to handing out free samples of cigarettes. Recent press reports from Nagpur indicate that Gutka sachets are given out for free near schools and colleges. Strategically, youth in outfits bearing tobacco brand names and logos are engaged in these promotional campaigns. In Mumbai, several discotheques and restaurants witness regular Benson Hedges promotional activities, including giving free samples. Brand Stretching and Diversification Perceiving an imminent ban on tobacco advertising, several tobacco companies are promoting other consumer products, which bear the same brand name or logo as their popular tobacco products. These logos or brand names can easily be spotted on clothing, sports apparel, hats, trays, posters and stickers affixed to sports vehicles and backpacks. The ITC, holding investments in the hotel and tourism sector has also set up 125 lifestyle stores selling apparels in the country in the immediate future. The plan includes spreading out to greeting cards business and experimental kitchens. Manikchand, the domestic Gutkha major, has diversified to tea, windmills and construction industry. Corporate Philanthropy and Public Relations The earthquake that ravaged parts of Gujarat was fully exploited by Gutkha manufacturers; they distributed food packets with Gutkha sachets to build up their social image. All the major Gutkha firms are actively engaged in supporting local youth clubs in organizing their annual sports events and religious festivities. The Indian Tobacco Company claims that they invest in education, immunization and family planning programmes in communities near to their factories. State-patronized Tobacco Promotion Though lamentable, the State responsible for the health and well being of its citizens, also often acts as a vehicle for tobacco promotion. The obvious examples were the BEST buses plying in Maharashtra and the railway stations and bus stops across the country displaying huge tobacco hoardings. Doordarshan, the national television channel, transmitted advertisements of Cavenders Cigarette brand disguised as adventure gear. Sports and cultural events on the channel were often sponsored by tobacco companies. Trends in Tobacco Advertising Following the announcement of the Tobacco Products Bill proposing a ban on tobacco advertising, there has been an upsurge in surrogate advertising and sponsorship of entertainment events. Marketing figures indicated that the market spending on tobacco products declined by 2 % over the year, while the spending on tobacco brands grew by 28 %. That was illustrative of the increasing reliance of tobacco companies on sponsorships, restaurant and hotel programmes, public relations and direct marketing programmes those days. Impact of Tobacco Advertising and Promotional Activities In a study conducted in Goa among students immediately after watching tobacco-sponsored cricket matches, 15-20 per cent students surveyed felt that smoking and chewing tobacco improves memory. Some students even felt that if you smoke, you will become a better cricketer. A 1992 review of 19 studies of cigarette advertising by the British Department of Health revealed that advertising does have a positive impact on consumption. A 1995 study indicates that advertising is more likely to influence teenagers to smoke than even peer pressure, while a 1996 study published in the Journal of Marketing found that teenagers are three times as sensitive as adults to cigarette advertising. The escalating annual advertising budgets of tobacco companies are enough proof of the impact this component of marketing has on increasing consumption rates. Existing Advertising Regulations in India The Cigarettes Act, 1975, merely stipulates the statutory warning on cigarette packets. The Cable Television Networks (Amendment) Act, 2000-prohibits direct and indirect tobacco advertising on Cable Channels. Advertising Standards Council of India Voluntary Code, 1998-envisages prohibition of advertising targeting underage consumers; suggests that using tobacco products is safe, healthy or popular; enhancing courage; or featuring the young. Being a voluntary code, it has little enforcement value. The Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertising and Regulation of Trade, Commerce and Supply) Bill, 2001, announced by the Cabinet, pending nactment in Parliament provides for banning direct and indirect tobacco advertising in media, prohibition of tobacco sponsorship of sports and cultural events, banning smoking in public places, banning sale of tobacco products to persons below 18 years of age and repeats the existing labelling provision. The States of Goa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal had agreed to adopt the Bill. Goa has an Act prohibiting smoking in public places, but it is poorly enforced. The same fate has been suffered by the Maharashtra Government Resolution banning sale of Gutkha within 100 meters of schools, hospitals and government offices. Goa, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka have a ban in place on smoking in public places. FCTC and Tobacco Advertising Advertising being a translational issue in the information age, beyond the regulatory scope of individual countries, the efficacy of stringent provisions thereof in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is undisputable. Efforts should therefore be geared at motivating geographical regions en masse to opt for tight provisions in the Convention. Individual nations could also be prevailed upon to tighten their national laws to match with International standards to be set out in FCTC. Interventions Effective lobbying strategies to enable the enactment of the Tobacco Products Bill, 2001: Activating State level advocacy to overcome the jurisdictional restrictions on policies regulating oral tobacco products and Bidi. Building a vigilant civil society to provide effective monitoring and prompt reporting of violations under the existing laws. Addressing trans-national advertising through strong provisions in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and Mobilizing Support from Entertainment-Celebrity endorsements of Anti- Tobacco policies. Industry speaks With the blanket ban on tobacco advertising through all media come into effect from May 1, 2004. The advertising industry was set to lose nearly Rs 250 crore (Rs 2,500 million). Tobacco companies too were then banking on aggressive customer contact programmes to get access to their buyers. We support the ban and such pressures are not new for the industry. We will have to look at the point of sales promotion and go for innovative inserts in cigarette packs, said a Godfrey Phillips India (GPI) spokesperson. GPI, the second largest cigarette manufacturer in the country, spent roughly Rs 20 crore (Rs 200 million) on advertising in 2003-04. Market leader ITC refused to comment on the issue, but the ad industry estimated that it will lose business worth Rs 80-90 crore (Rs 800-900 million) that year when ITC pulls out its ads. International cigarette giant Phillip Morris which started marketing the Marlboro brand directly in the country earlier in 2004, had gone on an outdoor advertising overdrive to make the most of the remaining few weeks before the ban takes effect. We deal with such regulations in various markets internationally. But the good thing is that this regulation is uniform and there is a level playing field, said Ajit Sahgal, GM Philip Morris (India). But Ashok Aggarwal, president DS Group, the largest chewing tobacco company in India said that it will be very difficult to monitor surrogate advertising. Let us have a look at some of the advertisements that were shown before the ban: [pic] This advertisement was published in 1930. It clearly shows that the need to communicate about tobacco products existed in Indian market from long back. pic] Product: Filter Wills- navy cut Manufacturer: ITC [pic] These advertisements directly show the product and communicate about it. It actually talked about the bondage between he product and the consumer and the ââ¬Å"made for each otherâ⬠punch-line signified that the bond between the product and the smoker is as sweet as the relationship between a man and a woman; moreover the visuals showed the closeness and joy that a consumer is supposed to have by consuming the product. [pic] Product: Gold Flake Manufacturer: ITC Agency: Bates India Pvt. Ltd. [pic] Product: Gold Flake Manufacturer: ITC Agency: Bates India Pvt. Ltd. [pic] Product: Gold Flake Manufacturer: ITC Agency: Bates India Pvt. Ltd. All these three advertisements shown above talks about the product quality and conveys a message which psychologically counters the fear of consumers of having a throat-problem because of smoking. By using the term ââ¬Å"honeydewâ⬠the communication is focused not only to establish a superior product quality but the word honey also reduces the fear of throat-problems as we ll know that honey is used to cure throat problems, being widely used in Indian context. [pic] Wills Insignia is also another product from the house of ITC. In this piece of advertisement, the packaging, colour scheme, copy and the visual used talk about the superior quality and thus positions the product as a symbol of social status. The visual is based on black back-ground, as black is considered as the colour of power and dignity. [pic] Four Square is a well-known cigarette brand of the global tobacco giant Godfrey Phillips. This advertisement talks about the macho-image of a man, essentially a consumer of Four-Square, and his abilities to impress woman. This advertisement influences the customer by showing macho-man image. There has been a complete change in terms of communications in tobacco industry after the ban came into play: [pic] Above shown is an advertisement by Godfrey Phillips, which simply talks about lifestyle or philoosophies. But the position of the fingers, the placing of the content and the words used like ââ¬Å"fireâ⬠and ââ¬Å"passionâ⬠readily allows the consumer to relate with a cigarette. The most interesting thing that had happened in this entire surrogate scenario is the brand-extension of ITC as WILLS LIFESTLES, a chain of lifestyle stores that offer premium quality apparels. Some of the communications or advertisements that were published in print media to advertise WILLS LIFESTYLE are shown below: [pic] This advertisement of wills lifestyles exhibits the premium quality clothing using up-market models and ambience. [pic] In this piece of communication, high-end luxurious lifestyle was flaunted to communicate that people who wear will lifestyle apparels live a wealthy and luxurious life like shown above. This advertisement directly influences the aspiration level of the consumers and they feel like trying it. [pic] In all those advertisements shown above, of Wills Lifestyle, there is no direct communication about the cloth-quality or the price factors which are usually found in case of garment advertisements. Instead of that, all these advertisements focus on the lifestyle, achievements and aspirations. The colour scheme, the logo-type and the font used are just look-alike to the cigarette brands. More interestingly, the product ranges are named after the cigarette brand WILLS CLASSIC, which directly reminds the consumer about the original product. The name ââ¬ËWillsââ¬â¢ stands for the red and white packet of cigarettes and also perfume, soap, apparels, lifestyle store et allâ⬠¦. This is a classic example of brand extension that borders on surrogate advertising. [pic] The show-down The Information Broadcasting Ministry, under the Cable Network Rules, 1994 had imposed a ban on advertisements of tobacco and liquor products on satellite channels effective from 6 October, 200O. The governments aim obviously was reducing the exposure of such ads to teenagers in habit forming years. While advertising on Doordarshan had always been banned, the restriction on private channels had done away with one of the most effective channel of communication for the players in those industries. The ban includes both direct as well as surrogate advertisements in its am Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-24105312938857638282019-11-27T04:31:00.001-08:002019-11-27T04:31:03.554-08:00Fahrenheit 451 Study GuideFahrenheit 451 Study Guide Fahrenheit 451 is a novel by Ray Bradbury. Published in 1953, the book takes place in a dystopian future world where the job of a firefighter is to burn books, rather than put out fires. The main character, Guy Montag, is one such fireman, who slowly begins to perceive the world around him as perverse and superficial even as it slides inexorably towards a nuclear war. A commentary on the power of literacy and critical thought, Fahrenheit 451 remains a potent reminder of how quickly a society can fall apart. Fast Facts: Fahrenheit 451 Author: Ray BradburyPublisher: Ballantine BooksYear Published: 1953Genre: Science FictionType of Work: NovelOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: Censorship, technology, conformityCharacters: Guy Montag, Mildred Montag, Clarisse McClellan, Captain Beatty, Professor Faber, GrangerNotable Adaptations: 1966 film by Franà §ois Truffaut; 2018 HBO adaptation by Ramin BahraniFun Fact: Bradbury wrote Fahrenheit 451 on rented typewriters at his local library, spending $9.80 to write the book. Plot Summary The protagonist, Guy Montag, is a fireman whose job is to burn hidden caches of books, which are forbidden in this unspecified future society. At first, he goes about his job fairly mindlessly, but a conversation with a non-conforming teenager spurs him to question society. He develops a restless dissatisfaction that cannot be quashed. Montag steals a Bible and smuggles it into his home. When he reveals the book (and the others hes stolen) to his wife Mildred, she panics at the thought of losing their income and thus the huge wall-sized televisions she watches constantly. Montagââ¬â¢s boss, Captain Beatty, gives him 24 hours to burn the book or face the consequences. Montag eventually buries his book collection with help from Faber, a former professor. Soon, however, a call comes in for the Firemen to burn a new book cache- and the address is Montagââ¬â¢s house. Beatty insists that Montag do the burning; in response, Montag kills him and flees into the countryside. There, he meets a group of drifters who tell him of their mission to memorize books in order to eventually rebuild society. At the end of the book, there is a nuclear attack on the city, and Montag and the drifters head out to begin rebuilding. Major Characters Guy Montag. The protagonist of the story, Guy is a fireman who has been illegally hoarding and reading books. His blind faith in society erodes and opens his eyes to the decline of civilization. His efforts to resist conformity make him a criminal. Mildred Montag. Guyââ¬â¢s wife. Mildred has retreated entirely into a fantasy world stoked television. Mildred is unable to comprehend Guyââ¬â¢s dissatisfaction and behaves in a childish, superficial manner throughout the story. Her behavior represents society at large. Clarisse McClellan. A teenage girl who lives in Guy Montagââ¬â¢s neighborhood. She is curious and non-comformist, representing the nature of youth before the corrupting effects of society and materialism. She is the catalyst for Montagââ¬â¢s mental awakening. Captain Beatty. Montagââ¬â¢s boss. Beatty is a former intellectual whose disappointment in booksââ¬â¢ inability to truly solve problems has turned him into an anti-intellectual. Beatty tells Montag that books must be burned because they make people unhappy without offering real solutions. Professor Faber. Once a professor of English, Faber is a meek, timid man who deplores what society has become but lacks the bravery to do anything about it. Faber embodies Bradburyââ¬â¢s belief that knowledge without the willingness to use it is useless. Granger. The leader of a group of drifters who have escaped society. Granger and the drifters preserve knowledge and wisdom by memorizing books. He explains to Montag that history is cyclical, and that a new age of wisdom will follow the current age of ignorance. Major Themes Freedom of Thought vs. Censorship. The novel is set in a society where the state forbids certain kinds of thought. Books contain the collected wisdom of humanity; denied access to them, people lack the mental skills to resist their government. The Dark Side of Technology. Passive pastimes like watching TV are portrayed as harmful purveyors of passive consumption. Technology in the book is consistently used to punish, oppress, and otherwise harm the characters. Obedience vs. Rebellion. Humanity assists in its own oppression. As Captain Beatty explains, banning books didnââ¬â¢t require effort- people chose to ban books, because the knowledge in them made them think, which made them unhappy. Literary Style Bradbury uses rich language filled with metaphors, similes, and figurative speech throughout the book. Even Montag, who has no formal education, thinks in terms of animal images and poetic, deeply beautiful symbols. Captain Beatty and Professor Faber frequently quote poets and great writers. Bradbury also uses animal imagery throughout to associate technology with dangerous predators. About the Author Born in 1920, Ray Bradbury was one of the most important writers of the 20th century, particularly in the science fiction genre. Bradbury framed technology and supernatural forces as dangerous and foreboding, which reflected the anxious, uneasy atmosphere of the newly atomic post-World War II world. Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-42983834210294656742019-11-23T12:05:00.001-08:002019-11-23T12:05:02.936-08:00The Shocking Aspects of Theater in Ancient RomeThe Shocking Aspects of Theater in Ancient Rome Roman theater began before Roman culture began to emulate the Greeks. However, very little is known of early theater produced by Etruscans and other ancient cultures. The Roman plays that live on in written form were produced in Greek-style amphitheaters, and many of the plays were essentially rewritten versions of Greek stories. In ancient Greece, plays were unlikely to contain graphic violence or sexuality, but the opposite was true in Rome. The Roman Theater and Violence The Roman public loved a good spectacle. They loved to watch combat and admired blood sports and gladiator competition. As a result, there was plenty of gore in most Roman theater. Roman audiences also preferred less subtlety than the Greeks when it came to sexuality on stage. In fact, according toà the book Living Theater by Edwin Wilson, one Roman emperor ordered an entire troupe of mimes to engage in actual intercourse on stage. The fact that this event was recorded for posterity suggests that it wasnt the norm, but it may not have been an isolated event. Famous Roman Playwrights Fewer plays were written in ancient Rome than in Greece. Many of those that were written seemed to be retreadsà of old Greek myths (transplanted with the very similar Roman Gods). Perhaps the noted exception to this rule would be the domestic comedies of Plautus and Terence. And of course, Seneca - perhaps Romes best-known tragedian. There were hundreds more playwrights besides the three mentioned below. The Roman Republic and its subsequent empire greatly enjoyed the arts and entertainment. However, while there were many playwrights in ancient Rome, only a small percentage of their worksà have survived the passage of time. Plautus If you have ever seen Stephen Sondheims A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, then you have experienced a taste, albeit with a corny 1960s flavor, of the Roman comedy master Plautus. A founder of the comedic theater, he created over a hundred plays in his remarkable career, many of which lampooned iconic figures within Roman society: the soldier, the politician, the clever slave, the philandering husband, and the wise but nagging wife. Terence Terences life story is an ancient tale of rags to riches. Terence was the slave of a Roman senator. Apparently, his master was so impressed with young Terences intellect that he released him from his service and even funded Terences education. During his adult years, Terence crafted comedies which were primarily Roman-style adaptations of Greek plays by Hellenistic writers, such as Menander. Seneca In addition to being a playwright, Lucius Annaeus Seneca was a lawyer and a Roman senator. He witnessed some of the darkest days of Romes empire, as he served under the sadistic Emperor Caligula. The next emperor in line, Claudius, banished Seneca, sending him away from Rome for over eight years. After returning from exile, Seneca became the advisor to the infamous Emperor Nero.à According to dramaturg William S. Turney, Nero ordered the assassination of his own mother and then commissioned Seneca to write a speech that excused Neros crimes. During the playwrights lifetime, he wrote tragedies, many of them re-inventions of Greek myths of decadence and self-destruction. For example, his play Phaedra details the sensual depravity of Theseus lonely wife who lusts after her step-son, Hippolytus. Seneca also adapted the Greek myth of Thyestes, a sordid tale of adultery, fratricide, incest, and cannibalism, with enough carnage to make even modern audiences cringe. Seneca retired from public life assuming that he might spend his elder years writing and relaxing, but the suspicious Nero ordered Seneca to commit suicide. Seneca complied, slashing his wrists and arms, slowly bleeding out. Apparently, it was too slow, because according to the ancient historian Tacitus, Seneca called for poison, and when that failed him, he was placed in a hot bath to be suffocated by the steam. Source Wilson, Edwin. Living Theatre: A History of Theatre. Alvin Goldfarb President, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Education, January 10, 2011. Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-35980453021221975592019-11-21T04:57:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:57:16.686-08:00Britains Control Over Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsBritains Control Over Industrialization - Essay Example The industrial revolution brought about the invention of iron and textile industries as well as the steam engine that were the central roles of the revolution. Britain is known to be the leader in the industrial revolution as most of the industrial revolution revolves around it. It is also known that Britain maintained much authority over the revolution period and controlled the economic and political structures of many states. From this perspective, it is clear that Britain had much control over the industrial revolution due to various reasons. A number of reasons have been tabled down backing up Britainââ¬â¢s dominance in the Industrial Revolution. Some are geographical while others seem to e social-political in nature. On the geographical factors, Britain had huge coal deposits that were used to power the newly invented machines (Dunn and Laura, 25-28). The other geographical factor was that Britain had many waterways. Most of the rivers in the country were navigable, and much of the coal deposits were near these rivers. Also, the country had many and long coastlines that made transportation easier through the water. Therefore, the availability of both coal and waterways enabled extra coal extraction and transportation in the country possible. The other factor that made Britain dominate during the Industrial Revolution was the fact that it had created a huge empire for itself overseas. All British Empire were used to provide raw materials that were used in the Britain mills. On the other hand, these empires had been m ade captive markets by the Britain for its finished products. For instance, the British had captured most of the Asian countries creating a free market for raw materials. Also, it had made it impossible for these countries to build their industries so that it could dominate the market (Dunn and Laura, 28-33). Any country that resisted Britainââ¬â¢s dominance faced the risk Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-19438685488243294172019-11-20T00:11:00.001-08:002019-11-20T00:11:04.058-08:00Justification write up for nominating for Environment, Health & Safety Term PaperJustification write up for nominating for Environment, Health & Safety award - Term Paper Example Central Operations is committed to creating and sustaining an accident free culture for our employees and customers, as well as the public. Each operating system is responsible for integrating EH&S considerations, aimed at minimizing and controlling potential risks and hazards, into the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the companyââ¬â¢s energy delivery system and facilities. Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) was performing the design of the East Side Access (ESA) project, which is intended to bring Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) to the Grand Central Terminal. As part of this project, blasting was performed to break their wall adjacent to the existing steam delivery system. This blasting created vibrations below ground which damaged the steam support components. As a result of the blast, a 16â⬠steam pipe shifted and fell off the supports. Engineering, in collaboration with Operations, determined the risks, scope of work, performed stress analysis, layout, and field inspections to resolve this problem. SDE and Steam Operations made field visits, identified the potential risks, and acted urgently to maintain safety, reliability, and to restore the system. In an effort to restore the system, the team inspected the affected site and recommended installing 4 special beam guides at the pipe offsets to accommodate for unusual pipe stress. Due to limited drilling depth, as a result of city sewer pathways crossing below our structures, the guides were designed to have a special base plate and anchor bolts. Field inspections found asbestos containing material insulating the original steam pipe. The abatement crew removed the asbestos insulation, using procedure 11924-5, and prior to doing any construction work to re-align the main. They then took measurements submitting them to contracted engineers selected to begin work on the repairs. Next, our Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4194024367999058791.post-70989342198083808562019-11-17T12:42:00.001-08:002019-11-17T12:42:06.695-08:00Martin Yanââ¬â¢s Biography Essay Example for Free Martin Yanââ¬â¢s Biography Essay Culinary Arts is widely acknowledged today as the art of cooking, and its popularity is increasing all over the world. There are numerous renowned and skilled chefs who have become well-known for their knowledge, creativity, and passion on culinary arts. Today, a lot of gifted chefs are getting famous for their cooking shows, cook books, and different contributions to the world of culinary arts. One of the famous and respectable chefs in the world is Martin Yan. Martin Yan is a Chinese-American chef; he was born in Guangzhou China on the year 1948. His father was a restaurateur, and his mother operates a grocery store. Martin started and learned how to cook at the age of 12. He decided to move and live in Hong Kong when he reached the age of 13 years old and studied in Kowloon City in Munsang College. Martin experienced working for his uncleââ¬â¢s Chinese restaurant and learned a lot of traditional methods of Chinese cooking. He then got the opportunity to study in Canada and later got his masters degree in food science in University of California in Davis on 1975. He finally got the passion for teaching and became a professor in the universityââ¬â¢s extension program, and he also appeared on a local TV talk show in Calgary, Canada in the year 1978 (Yan Can Cook, 2008). Since then, he has been hosting different cooking shows. Among these shows is ââ¬Å"Yan Can Cook,â⬠now a popular cooking show which started in the year 1982 (Yan Can Cook, 2008, n. p. ). He became a celebrity indeed, winning different awards from his enthusiasm, talent, interest, and creativity as a culinary chef. He received the ââ¬Å"James Bean Award for best television cooking showâ⬠in 1994, and two years later, he was granted an award for ââ¬Å"best television food journalismâ⬠by the same award-giving body (Yan Can Cook, 2008, n. p. ). In 1998, he won an ââ¬Å"Emmy Award for the best cooking showâ⬠(Yan Can Cook, 2008, n. p. ). In addition, he also received an award from the ââ¬Å"Chefââ¬â¢s Association of the Pacific Coastâ⬠and the ââ¬Å"Courvoisier Leadership Awardâ⬠on the Antonin Award (Yan Can Cook, 2008, n. p.). He also sometimes appears on a cartoon talk show called ââ¬Å"Space Ghostâ⬠which is now currently airing in the Cartoon Network show ââ¬Å"Adult Swimâ⬠(Yan Can Cook, 2008, n. p. ). He was also a part of the Singaporean movie ââ¬Å"Rice Rhapsodyâ⬠during the year 2005. He currently hosts his own show entitled ââ¬Å"Martin Yan Quick and Easyâ⬠and can be seen sometimes as one of the judges in the popular show ââ¬Å"Iron Chef of Americaâ⬠(Yan Can Cook, 2008, n. p. ). Nowadays, he is also hosting ââ¬Å"Martin Yanââ¬â¢s Chinatown Cooking,â⬠a show wherein he tours different Chinatowns all over the world (Yan Can Cook, 2008, n. p. ). The format of his shows encompasses the different approaches and styles in Asian cooking; he travels in different places all over the world to introduce a certain local cuisine on TV (Yan Can Cook, 2008). Aside from hosting and having different cooking shows, Martin Yan has published several cookbooks as well, wherein he introduces Chinese American culinary arts all over the world. He wrote about 25 different cookbooks, which include ââ¬Å"Martin Yanââ¬â¢s Chinatown Cookingâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Chinese Cooking for Dummiesâ⬠which also won an award (ââ¬Å"Martin Yan Biography,â⬠2008, n. p. ). His main objective is to represent the Asian culture and culinary arts not only in the western part of the world but around the globe as well (ââ¬Å"Martin Yan Biography,â⬠2008). Martin Yan is one of the most famous guest instructors at different culinary institutions and academies mostly in the Western and Asian part of the world such as the ââ¬Å"Wales University, California Culinary Academy, Chinese Cuisine Institute in Hong Kong, the Culinary Institute in America, University of San Francisco and the Chinese chef training programs in North Americaâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Martin Yan Biography,â⬠2008, n. p. ). Furthermore, Martin Yan also founded his own culinary school in San Francisco California named ââ¬Å"Yan Can International Cooking Schoolâ⬠(Martin Yan Biography, 2008, n. p. ). Like his father, he also became a restaurateur; he opened the Yan Can Restaurant in 2002 in San Francisco bay area in California. His restaurant offers Asian menu, and it is more likely to have different branches all over the world in the years to come (ââ¬Å"Martin Yan Biography,â⬠2008). Martin Yan has greatly contributed in the culinary industry. He became a culinary diplomat for the American Culinary Federation. He received a doctorate degree in culinary arts for his contribution to the food and hospitality industry. Moreover, he also received a doctorate degree in humane letters from the Colorado Institute of Art. Aside from that, he also received an exceptional recognition from his peers as a master chef. In 2001, he became an inductee of ââ¬Å"James Beard Foundationââ¬â¢s DArtagnan Cervena Whos Who of Food and Beverage,â⬠which honors food and beverage professionals for their significant and lasting achievements (Yan Can Cook, 2008, n. p. ). Thus, due to his success in the culinary arts industry, he became a respected professional chef and a member of different prestigious organizations such as the ââ¬Å"American Institute of Wine and Food, American Culinary Federation, Chinese Cuisine Research Institute, Chefs Association of the Pacific Coast, Association of Chinese Cooking Teachers, Institute of Food Technologists, International Association of Culinary Professionals, and American Authors Guildâ⬠(Yan Can Cook, 2008, n. p. ). There are vast number of chefs that people can watch on TV and different cookbooks made available for everyone, but Martin Yan has become exceptional because of the distinct Asian influence he brought in the industry of culinary arts. With all the awards and honors Martin Yan received, he is regarded as one of the top famous culinary chef all over the world. He has made a lot of worldwide remarks on the culinary arts and greatly influenced countless chefs, professionals, and people with his passion and knowledge in the art of culinary. He has shaped a lot of people to become a good chef. He teaches and passes his knowledge to other people so that he will always be reminded with his own style and contributions in the culinary world. Hence, with his cooking shows, cookbooks, and teachings that focus on the Asian culinary arts and culture, Martin Yan is continuously inspiring people to pursue their passion. References Martin Yan Biography. (2008). American Entertainment International Speakers Bureau. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://www. aeispeakers. com/print. php? SpeakerID=1103 Yan Can Cook. (2008). Meet the chef. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://yancancook. com/mybio. htm Jesus Paganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08652426587960475208noreply@blogger.com0